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RESOURCES AND PLANNING
THE PERGAMON TEXTBOOK
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Pergamon Oxford Geographies
General Editor: W.B.FISHER
Other Titles in the Series
CLARKE, J. I.
Population Geography, 2nd Edition
Population Geography and the Developing Countries
CLOUT, H. D.
The Geography of Post War France: A Social and Economic Approach
Rural Geography
COOKE, R. U. & JOHNSON, J. H.
Trends in Geography - An Introductory Survey
COPPOCK.J. T.
Second Homes: Curse or Blessing?
COPPOCK.J. T. &SEWELL, W. R. D.
Spatial Dimensions of Public Policy
DEWDNEY, J. C. A.
A Geography of the Soviet Union, 2nd Edition
JOHNSON, J. H.
Urban Geography, 2nd Edition
KERR, A.J. C.
The Common Market and How It Works
McINTOSH, I. G. & MARSHALL, C. B.
The Face of Scotland, 3rd Edition
O'CONNOR, A. M.
The Geography of Tropical African Development, 2nd Edition
SUNDERLAND, E.
Elements of Human and Social Geography: Some Anthropological Perspectives
NOTICE TO READERS
Dear Reader
If your library is not already a standing order customer or subscriber to this series, may we recommend that
you place a standing or subscription order to receive immediately upon publication all new issues and
volumes published in this valuable series. Should you find that these volumes no longer serve your needs your
order can be cancelled at any time without notice.
The Editors and the Publisher will be glad to receive suggestions or outlines of suitable titles, reviews or sym-
posia for consideration for rapid publication in this series.
ROBERT MAXWELL
Publisher at Pergamon Press
Pergamon Oxford Geographies
General Editor: W.B.FISHER
Other Titles in the Series
CLARKE, J. I.
Population Geography, 2nd Edition
Population Geography and the Developing Countries
CLOUT, H. D.
The Geography of Post War France: A Social and Economic Approach
Rural Geography
COOKE, R. U. & JOHNSON, J. H.
Trends in Geography - An Introductory Survey
COPPOCK.J. T.
Second Homes: Curse or Blessing?
COPPOCK.J. T. &SEWELL, W. R. D.
Spatial Dimensions of Public Policy
DEWDNEY, J. C. A.
A Geography of the Soviet Union, 2nd Edition
JOHNSON, J. H.
Urban Geography, 2nd Edition
KERR, A.J. C.
The Common Market and How It Works
McINTOSH, I. G. & MARSHALL, C. B.
The Face of Scotland, 3rd Edition
O'CONNOR, A. M.
The Geography of Tropical African Development, 2nd Edition
SUNDERLAND, E.
Elements of Human and Social Geography: Some Anthropological Perspectives
NOTICE TO READERS
Dear Reader
If your library is not already a standing order customer or subscriber to this series, may we recommend that
you place a standing or subscription order to receive immediately upon publication all new issues and
volumes published in this valuable series. Should you find that these volumes no longer serve your needs your
order can be cancelled at any time without notice.
The Editors and the Publisher will be glad to receive suggestions or outlines of suitable titles, reviews or sym-
posia for consideration for rapid publication in this series.
ROBERT MAXWELL
Publisher at Pergamon Press
RESOURCES AND PLANNING
Edited by
BRIAN GOODALL and ANDREW KIRBY
Department of Geography, The University of Reading
PERGAMON PRESS
OXFORD · NEW YORK TORONTO SYDNEY PARIS FRANKFURT
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Copyright© 1979 Pergamon Press Ltd.
All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in
any form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic,
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otherwise, without permission in writing from the
publishers.
First edition 1979
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Resources and planning. - (Pergamon international
library). - (Pergamon Oxford geography series).
1. City planning 2. Regional planning
I. Goodall, Brian II. Kirby, Andrew
711 HT166 78-40931
ISBN 0 08 023711 8 hard cover
0 08 023710 X flexi cover
In order to make this volume available as economically
and as rapidly as possible the authors' typescripts have
been reproduced in their original forms. This method
unfortunately has its typographical limitations but it is
hoped that they in no way distract the reader.
Printed and bound at William Clowes & Sons Limited
Beccles and London
TO ANDREW McKIE FROOD
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
D. Banister, Research Fellow ( latterly Lecturer in Planning,
University College, London)
M. Batty, Reader in Geography
S.R. Bowlby, Lecturer in Geography
E.A. Cater, Lecturer in Geography
D.H.S. Foot, Lecturer in Geography
B. Goodall, Senior Lecturer in Geography
P.G. Hall, 'Professor of Geography
A.M. Kirby, Lecturer in Geography
C.W. Mitchell, Lecturer in Geography
M. Parry, Senior Lecturer in Geography
R.B. Parry, Curator, Map Library
R. Sammons, Lecturer in Geography
J,A, Silk, Lecturer in Geography
R.D. Thompson, Lecturer in Geography
J.B. Whittow, Senior Lecturer in Geography
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
2.1. The dualism of city system and planning process 19
2.2. The relationship between knowledge and action 20
2.3. Generalised problem-solving behaviour 23
2.4. The process of scientific research 25
2.5. The design process in planning 26
2.6. The planning process based on rational decision 35
2.7. Conflicting dualistic conceptions of planning 38
2.8. Shared knowledge and integrated action 38
2.9. Planning as a cyclic process of science and design 42
3.1. The Garin-Lowry activity allocation - interaction model 56
3.2. Principal shopping centres in N.W. England 63
3.3. Unconstrained allocation of net change in population 1996 due
70
to location of airport at Thurleigh
3.4. Constrained allocation of net change in population 1996 due to
70
location of airport at Thurleigh
3.5. Journey from work to home: a) unconstrained b) constrained
71
allocation
3.6. Venice and the surrounding region 73
4.1. A generalised flow-chart of the redisricting program 85
4.2. A flow-chart of the multi-criteria aggregation process 86
4.3. A flow-chart of the multi-level specification technique 87
4.4. Histograms showing the distributions of population and area
for the original 115-district West Midlands zoning system 93
4.5. 115-district zoning systems for the West Midlands 96
4.6. 16-sector zoning systems for the West Midlands 98
5.1. Chapin-type framework used to classify variables used in
104-105
system description
6.1. Comparison of contour and drainage patterns on part of a
126
First and Second Series 1:25 000 map
7.1. A paradigm for practical reasoning 143
7.2. A hierarchy of functions 149
8.1. Types of weathering-limited mass-movement 162
8.2. Types of transport-limited mass-movement 163
8.3. Braiding and meandering 165
8.4. The hierarchical classification of terrain 171
8.5. The description of a land system and constituent land catenas 172
xi
xi i List of Figures
9.1. Energy balance at the surface 186
9.2. Heat transfer instrumentation 187
9.3. Average diurnal variation of surface energy balance at
191
three contrasting environments
9.4. Diurnal variations of Bowen ratio over contrasting
193
envi ronments
9.5. Road construction and the permafrost table 196
10.1. Vitruvian plan for an ideal city 206
10.2. Venta Silurum (Caerwent) - Roman garden city 207
10.3. Hereford about 1100 A.D. - early medieval county town 208
10.4. Middlesborough about 1860 - mid 19th Century urban desert 210
10.5. Bourneville about 1898 - late 19th .century company town 212
10.6. Welwyn about 1926 - modern Garden City 213
10.7. Caversham Park Village, Reading about 1970 - Radburn-style
road/path separation 214
11.1. The potential forest recreation activity zone 227
11.2. Trend of PR score for hypothetical forest over time 227
11.3. Location of sample forests 231
11.4. Recreational potential surface for South-East Conservancy 233
11.5. Recreational potential surface for Grizedale Forest 235
12.1. a. Southeast Devon b. Western Isle of Wight 250
12.2. The Reading Area 256
13.1. Regional distribution of touring caravan pitches, 1977 273
13.2. Regional distribution of touring pitches on Caravan Club and
278
Local Authority sites in relation to derelict land
13.3. Regional distribution of touring pitches on Caravan Club and
283
Local Authority sites in relation to multiple-use
14.1. Location of grocery shops, Oxford 298
14.2. Distribution of respondents, Oxford 299
15.1. The South Oxfordshire study area with the survey parishes 328
16.1. Population and resources within the city 347
LIST OF TABLES
Page
3.1. Estimated retail sales 1971 from the Haydock shopping model 64
3.2. Comparison of the actual retail sales 1971 with the estimates
65
from the Haydock shopping model
3.3. Turnover diverted to the out-of-town centre from the district
shopping centres; comparison of survey estimates and model 67
predictions as percentages of the store's total turnover
3.4. Turnover diverted to the out-of-town store from centres
67
outside the city.
3.5. Summary of model predictions and survey results of derivation
68
of the turnover of the out-of-town store
4.1. Zone system measures for aggregations of the 115-district
94
data set
4.2. A comparison of the original district and sector zoning system
97
with equal area and equal population solutions
6.1. Current Ordnance Survey scales 122
6.2. Contour intervals on 1:10 560 and 1:10 000 scale maps 127
6.3. Great Britain: the main thematic series 130-131
7.1. Schemas of causal and practical inference 140
8.1. Hierarchical classification of terrain, soil and ecological
168
units
9.1. Average changes in climatic elements caused by urbanisation 183
9.2. Heat transfer approaches 188
9.3. Changes in heat transfers after conversion from forest to
189
agricultural use
9.4. Annual heat transfers of Tunisian oases 190
9.5. Heat transfers over urban areas 192
9.6. Heat transfers over the Tundra 195
11.1. Importance of slopes for recreation 225
11.2. Recreational Potential Index scores for national sample 232
11.3. Recreational potential of public forests on Dartmoor 234
11.4. Ρ], the topographic factor 240
11.5. ?2, the mantle factor 240
11.6. P3, the access/uniqueness factor 241
12.1. Landscape appreciation and design experience 249
12.2. Spearman correlation coefficients between groups (Devon) 251
12.3. Rank correlation coefficients for each Vlth former
252
comparing his/her first and second rankings
xi i i
