Resource-Oriented Agro-sanitation Systems

308 Pages·2019·9.43 MB·English

by  Naoyuki Funamizu

Editor
Naoyuki Funamizu
Resource-
Oriented Agro-
sanitation
Systems
Concept, Business Model, and
Technology
Resource-Oriented Agro-sanitation Systems
Naoyuki Funamizu
Editor
Resource-Oriented
Agro-sanitation Systems
Concept, Business Model, and Technology
123
Editor
Naoyuki Funamizu
Hokkaido University
Sapporo
Japan
ISBN978-4-431-56833-9 ISBN978-4-431-56835-3 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56835-3
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Preface
WHO fact sheet on sanitation (updated July 2017) is reporting that (1) 68% of the
world’s population (5.0 billion people) used at least a basic sanitation service in
2015;(2)2.3billionpeoplestilldonothavebasicsanitationfacilitiessuchastoilets
or latrines; (3) 892 million still defecate in the open, for example, in street gutters,
behind bushes,orintoopenbodies ofwater. Itisalsoreportedthatthepenetration
rate of sanitation is greatly different between regions. South Asia and sub-Saharan
Africa are pointed out as regions with low penetration rates. In addition, 90% of
those who are forced to excrete outdoor are pointed out as rural residents. In the
2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (Sustainable Development Goals,
SDGs), the target on sanitation is set as Goal 6 (“Ensure access to water and
sanitation and sustainable management for all”). The increasing importance and
recognitionofsanitation haveledtotheneedforspecialinstructionofengineering
and science students in their undergraduate and graduate levels, as well as prac-
ticing engineers and scientists, and a technical reference for project managers and
government officials.
The book is an endeavor by the authors to assemble several research results on
resource-orientedsanitation.Whyresource-oriented sanitation? Theansweristhat,
inordertoaddmorevaluetosanitationsystem,resourcesinhumanexcretashould
be reclaimed and reused. Feces contain resources such as organic matter and
nutrientsforagriculture.Urineisalsoasourceofnutrients.Graywaterisveryrich
in water. This book is organized into six parts, each dealing with the concept of
resource-orientedsanitationandtechnologiesforreclaimingresourcesfromhuman
excreta and how to use them as well as case studies.
It is important to understand the concept of resource-oriented sanitation. In
Part I, sanitation system is categorized into three generations: primitive sanitation,
modern sanitation, and postmodern sanitation, and discussions on the requirement
of new sanitation policy are introduced. Then, technologies required to realize the
new sanitation policy are summarized.
v
vi Preface
Technologiesdiscussedinthisbook
Target Technologies
Feces Composting
Urine Storage,volumereduction,recoveryofnitrogen
Graywater Slantedsoilsystem,membranebioreactor,sandfilterwithgeo-textile
Agriculture Useofurine,useofreclaimedgraywater
Several aspects relating to composting process are presented in Part II. Feces
contain organic matter, nitrogen, pathogen, pharmaceuticals, and water, and
therefore,thefateofthosecomponentsshouldbeunderstoodforproducingsafeand
valuable compost and rational design of composting-type toilet. These discussions
are introduced in this Part II. Part III is related to urine. Composition of urine is
presented from engineering point of view. And then volume reduction technology
and recovery method of nitrogen and phosphorous directly from urine are intro-
duced in this part. Three gray water reclamation technologies are introduced in
Part IV. Part V is a part for agricultural technologies. There is not enough dis-
cussion on how to use collected urine and reclaimed gray water. This part intro-
duces recycled resource utilization technology. Part VI presents two case studies
from Burkina Faso and Indonesia. Burkina Faso case is a pilot study in rural area,
and Indonesia case presents a pilot study in urban area.
This book is based on the results of the following three projects:
– Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology of the Japan Science
and Technology Agency (JST-CREST) (Project title: Development of
Sustainable Sanitation System and Its Implementation to Asian Countries)
– ScienceresearchSoftheGrants-in-AidforScientificResearchofJapanSociety
for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) (Project title: Development of Resources
Oriented Sanitation System Based on the Concept “Don’t Mix” and “Don’t
Collect” Wastewater)
– Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development
of the Japan Science and Technology Agency and Japan International
CooperationAgency(JST-JICA-SATREPS)(Projecttitle:ImprovingSustainable
WaterandSanitationSystemsinSahelRegioninAfrica)
Iwishtothankallthecontributorstothesethreeprojectsfortheirsincereeffort.
I am also grateful to Ms. Ai Goto for her help and support in editing this book.
Sapporo, Japan Naoyuki Funamizu
August 2017
Contents
Part I Concept and Business Model
1 The Concept of Resources Oriented Agro-Sanitation System
and Its Business Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Ken Ushijima, Naoyuki Funamizu, Takako Nabeshima,
Nowaki Hijikata, Ryusei Ito, Mariam Sou/Dakoure,
Amadou Hama Maïga and Neni Sintawardani
2 Technologies for Resources Oriented Agro-Sanitation
System—Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Naoyuki Funamizu
Part II Technologies for Feces: Composting Type Toilet
3 Fate of Carbon in Composting Process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Miguel Ángel López Zavala
4 Fate of Nitrogen in Composting Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Shinya Hotta and Naoyuki Funamizu
5 Fate of Pathogens in Composting Process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Masahiro Otaki and Shinobu Kazama
6 Fate of Pharmaceuticals in Composting Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Takashi Kakimoto and Yu Onoda
7 Fate of Water in Composting Toilet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Ryusei Ito, Shingo Ogawa and Naoyuki Funamizu
8 Design of Composting-Type Toilet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Miguel Ángel López Zavala
vii
viii Contents
Part III Technologies for Urine
9 Components of Pure Fresh Human Urine and Their
Fate in Storage Process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Takashi Kakimoto, Hitoshi Shibuya, Haruki Suzuki, Shinya Hotta
and Naoyuki Funamizu
10 Volume Reduction of Urine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Muhammad M. Pahore, Ryusei Ito and Naoyuki Funamizu
11 Recovery of Nitrogen and Phosphorus from Urine . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Ryusei Ito and Naoyuki Funamizu
Part IV Technologies for Gray Water
12 Slanted Soil System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Ken Ushijima, Ryusei Ito, Nowaki Hijikata, Ynoussa Maïga
and Naoyuki Funamizu
13 Membrane System for Gray Water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Aileen Huelgas-Orbecido and Naoyuki Funamizu
14 Treatment of Greywater by Geotextile Filter and Intermittent
Sand Filtration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
SebastianIgnacioCharchalacOchoa,KenUshijima,NowakiHijikata
and Naoyuki Funamizu
Part V Agriculture
15 Application of Human Urine in Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Moustapha Sene, Nowaki Hijikata, Ken Ushijima
and Naoyuki Funamizu
16 On-site Use of Reclaimed Greywater. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Nowaki Hijikata
Part VI Cases
17 Experiment of a Resource-Oriented Agro-sanitation System in
Sahelian Rural Community: Case of Burkina Faso . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Mariam Sou/Dakoure, Ynoussa Maïga, Amadou Hama Maïga,
Maïmouna Traore Bologo and Seyram Sossou
18 Experiment of a Resource-Oriented Agro-Sanitation
System for Urban Slum Area: Case of Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Neni Sintawardani, Ken Ushijima, Umi Hamidah, Yosuke Deguchi,
Jovita Triastuti, Naoyuki Funamizu, Mitsuteru Irie
and Tadaharu Ishikawa
Contributors
Maïmouna Traore Bologo International Institute for Water and Environmental
Engineering (2iE), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
SebastianIgnacioCharchalacOchoa DivisionofEngineeringSciences,Western
Regional Center (CUNOC), University of San Carlos of Guatemala (USAC),
Quetzaltenango, Guatemala
Yosuke Deguchi Nippon Koei Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
Naoyuki Funamizu Graduate School of Global Food Resources, Hokkaido
University, Sapporo, Japan; Research Institute of Humanity and Nature, Kyoto,
Japan
Umi Hamidah Research Unit for Clean Technology, Indonesian Institute of
Sciences, Bandung, Indonesia
NowakiHijikata GraduateSchoolofEngineering,HokkaidoUniversity,Sapporo
City, Hokkaido, Japan
Shinya Hotta Research and Development Center, Asahi Kasei Corporation,
Kawasaki-ku, Kawasakishi, Japan
Aileen Huelgas-Orbecido De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines
Mitsuteru Irie Alliance for Research on North Africa, University of Tsukuba,
Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
Tadaharu Ishikawa Department of Environment and Technology, Tokyo
Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
Ryusei Ito Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo,
Hokkaido, Japan
TakashiKakimoto CenterforEnvironmentalScienceinSaitama,Saitama,Japan
Shinobu Kazama Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo,
Tokyo, Japan
ix
x Contributors
Miguel Ángel López Zavala Tecnológico de Monterrey, Water Center for Latin
America and the Caribbean, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico
Amadou Hama Maïga International Institute for Water and Environmental
Engineering (2iE), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
Ynoussa Maïga International Institute for Water and Environmental Engineering
(2iE), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
Takako Nabeshima Research Faculty of Media and Communication Studies,
Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
Shingo Ogawa Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo
City, Hokkaido, Japan
Yu Onoda Institute of Environmental Ecology, IDEA Consultants, Inc.,
Ooigawa-cho, Shida-gun, Shizuoka, Japan
Masahiro Otaki Department of Human Environmental Science, Ochanomizu
University, Tokyo, Japan
Muhammad M. Pahore Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University,
Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
Moustapha Sene Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University,
Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
Hitoshi Shibuya Division of Laboratory and Transfusion Medicine, Hokkaido
University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
Neni Sintawardani Research Unit for Clean Technology, Indonesian Institute of
Sciences, Bandung, Indonesia
Seyram Sossou International Institute for Water and Environmental Engineering
(2iE), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
Mariam Sou/Dakoure International Institute for Water and Environmental
Engineering (2iE), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
Haruki Suzuki Division of Laboratory and Transfusion Medicine, Hokkaido
University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
Jovita Triastuti Research Unit for Clean Technology, Indonesian Institute of
Sciences, Bandung, Indonesia
KenUshijima NorthernRegionalBuildingResearchInstitute,HokkaidoResearch
Organization (HRO), Asahikawa, Memuro, Japan