Table Of ContentHaya Shajaiah · Ahmed Abdelhadi
Charles Clancy
Resource Allocation
with Carrier
Aggregation in
Cellular Networks
Optimality and Spectrum Sharing using
C++ and MATLAB
Resource Allocation with Carrier Aggregation
in Cellular Networks
Haya Shajaiah • Ahmed Abdelhadi
Charles Clancy
Resource Allocation
with Carrier Aggregation
in Cellular Networks
Optimality and Spectrum Sharing using C++
and MATLAB
123
HayaShajaiah AhmedAbdelhadi
VirginiaTech VirginiaTech
Arlington,VA,USA Blacksburg,VA,USA
CharlesClancy
VirginiaTech
Arlington,VA,USA
ISBN978-3-319-60539-5 ISBN978-3-319-60540-1 (eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-60540-1
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017943167
©SpringerInternationalPublishingAG2018
Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof
thematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,
broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation
storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology
nowknownorhereafterdeveloped.
Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication
doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant
protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.
Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbook
arebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor
theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany
errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional
claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations.
Printedonacid-freepaper
ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature
TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAG
Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland
Tomyparents;mybelovedhusband,Islam;
andourbelovedchildrenRasem,Tayma,and
Yara.
Preface
Recently,therehasbeenamassivegrowthinthenumberofmobileusersandtheir
traffic, with the data traffic volume almost doubling every year but users are very
limitedtotheserviceproviders’resources.Increasingtheutilizationoftheexisting
spectrum can significantly improve network capacity, data rates, and user experi-
ence.Spectrumsharingenableswirelesssystemstoharvestunderutilizedswathes
of spectrum, which vastly increases the efficiency of spectrum usage. Making
spectrum more widely available can provide significant gain in mobile broadband
capacity only if those resources can be aggregated efficiently with the existing
commercialmobilesystemresources.Carrieraggregation (CA)isoneofthemost
distinct features of 4G systems including Long Term Evolution-Advanced (LTE-
Advanced).Thisvolumeintroducesanefficientresourcemanagementapproachfor
futurespectrumsharingsystems.Thebookfocussesonprovidingoptimalresource
allocation framework based on carrier aggregation to allocate multiple carriers’
resourcesefficientlyamongmobileuserswithelasticandinelastictrafficincellular
networks.Theallocationpolicyisbasedonutilityproportionalfairness,wherethe
fairnessamongusersisinutilitypercentageoftheapplicationrunningontheuser
equipment(UE).Resourceallocation(RA)withCAisproposedtoallocatesingleor
multiplecarriers’resourcesoptimallyamonguserssubscribingformobileservices.
Each user is guaranteed a minimum quality of service (QoS) that varies based on
the user’s application type. Furthermore, it provides an optimal traffic-dependent
pricing mechanism that could be used by network providers to charge mobile
users for the allocated resources. The book provides different resource allocation
with carrier aggregation solutions, for different spectrum sharing scenarios, and
compares them. The provided solutions consider the diverse quality of experi-
ence requirement of multiple applications running on the users’ equipment since
different applications require different application performance. In addition, the
book addresses the resource allocation problem for spectrum sharing systems that
require user discrimination when allocating the network resources. Furthermore,
vii
viii Preface
an application-aware resource block (RB) scheduling with CA is proposed to
assignRBsofmultiplecomponentcarrierstousers’applicationsbasedonautility
proportionalfairnessschedulingpolicy.
Arlington,VA,USA HayaShajaiah
Blacksburg,VA,USA AhmedAbdelhadi
Arlington,VA,USA CharlesClancy
April2017
Acknowledgments
IwouldliketothankmyadvisorDr.T.CharlesClancyforallhissupport,advice,
help, and guidance. I would not have accomplished this work without his vision
and support. I also thank Dr. Ahmed Abdelhadi, currently research professor at
Virginia Tech, for being a very helpful mentor during my PhD studies and for co-
authoring this book with me. I thank allmy family members for their support and
encouragement. I would like to express my gratitude to my beloved husband, Dr.
Islam Younis, for his constant love, support, and encouragement. I would have to
admitthatthisworkwouldnothavebeenpossiblewithoutIslam’ssupportandlove.
I would also like to express my gratitude to my parents, Dr. Jamal Nouh Shajaiah
and Amal Okab, for their encouragement, support, unconditional love, and care.
Mydadhasalwaysbeenmyrolemodelinlife.Iadmireandregardhimwithutmost
respect.Mymomhasdonealotforme;Ispeciallythankherforallthatshehasdone
for me. I love my parents so much, and I would not have made it this far without
them.Ialsothankmysisters,Dr.HibaandHala,andmybrother,Hussein,fortheir
continuousencouragementandsupport.
Arlington,VA,USA HayaShajaiah
April2017
ix
Contents
1 Introduction .................................................................. 1
1.1 MotivationandBackground............................................ 1
1.2 CarrierAggregation..................................................... 3
1.2.1 MotivationforDevelopingCarrierAggregationwitha
QoEapproach................................................... 3
1.2.2 DeploymentScenariosforCarrierAggregation............... 4
1.2.3 TypesofCarrierAggregation .................................. 6
1.3 PreviousStudiesinResourceAllocationforSpectrumSharing...... 7
1.4 Overview ................................................................ 10
1.5 BookOrganization...................................................... 11
References..................................................................... 12
2 UtilityFunctionsandResourceAllocationforSpectrumSharing ..... 19
2.1 UserApplicationsUtilityFunctions ................................... 19
2.2 UtilityProportionalFairnessResourceAllocation.................... 20
2.3 UtilityProportionalFairnessResourceAllocationwithCarrier
Aggregation ............................................................. 21
2.4 MATLABCode ......................................................... 22
References..................................................................... 23
3 Multi-StageResourceAllocationwithCarrierAggregation............ 25
3.1 DistributedResourceAllocationwithCarrierAggregation........... 25
3.1.1 ProblemFormulation........................................... 26
3.1.2 PrimaryandSecondaryCarriersOptimizationProblem...... 27
3.1.3 Multi-StageDistributedResourceAllocationAlgorithm..... 30
3.1.4 OptimalRateAllocationNumericalResults .................. 31
3.2 CentralizedResourceAllocationwithCarrierAggregation .......... 38
3.2.1 Multi-CarrierSystemModel................................... 38
3.2.2 Multi-CarrierOptimizationProblem........................... 39
3.2.3 APriceSelectiveCentralizedRAwithCAAlgorithm ....... 42
3.2.4 Multi-CarrierRateAllocationNumericalResults............. 45
3.3 SummaryandConclusion .............................................. 48
xi
xii Contents
3.4 C++Codes............................................................... 48
3.4.1 FirstCode ....................................................... 49
3.4.2 SecondCode.................................................... 55
References..................................................................... 61
4 ResourceAllocationwithUserDiscriminationforSpectrumSharing. 63
4.1 SpectrumSharingBetweenPublicSafetyandCommercial
UsersinCellularNetworks............................................. 64
4.1.1 SpectrumSharingProblemFormulation ...................... 65
4.1.2 SpectrumSharingOptimization................................ 66
4.1.3 AlgorithmforOptimalRAwithSpectrumSharing........... 68
4.1.4 SpectrumSharingSimulationResults ......................... 69
4.2 Multi-Application Resource Allocation with User
DiscriminationinCellularNetworks................................... 75
4.2.1 ProblemFormulation........................................... 76
4.2.2 ResourceAllocationOptimizationProblem................... 77
4.2.3 ResourceAllocationwithUserDiscriminationAlgorithms.. 80
4.2.4 NumericalResults .............................................. 83
4.2.5 PriceSensitivitytoChangeinR ............................... 86
4.2.6 PriceSensitivitytoChangeintheNumberofUEs ........... 87
4.3 Resource Allocation with User Discrimination for
Multi-CarrierCellularNetworks....................................... 88
4.3.1 Multi-CarrierProblem.......................................... 89
4.3.2 Multi-Carrier RA with User discrimination
OptimizationProblem.......................................... 91
4.3.3 Multi-CarrierOptimizationAlgorithm ........................ 98
4.3.4 NumericalResults .............................................. 100
4.4 SummaryandConclusion .............................................. 105
4.5 C++Codes............................................................... 106
4.5.1 FirstCode ....................................................... 106
4.5.2 SecondCode.................................................... 112
4.5.3 ThirdCode...................................................... 116
4.5.4 FourthCode..................................................... 122
References..................................................................... 130
5 ResourceAllocationwithCarrierAggregationforCommercial
Useof3.5GHzSpectrum.................................................... 133
5.1 SpectrumSharingProblemFormulation............................... 134
5.2 ResourceAllocationOptimizationforSpectrumSharingwith
the3.5GHzSpectrum................................................... 135
5.3 TheMacroCellandSmallCellsRAOptimizationAlgorithm ....... 138
5.4 SpectrumSharingSimulationResults ................................. 139
5.4.1 SmallCellAllocatedRatesandUsersQoE ................... 140
5.4.2 MacroCellAllocatedRatesandUsersQoE................... 142
5.5 SummaryandConclusion .............................................. 142
5.6 C++Code................................................................ 144
References..................................................................... 150
