Resilient Energy Systems: Renewables: Wind, Solar, Hydro

517 Pages·2013·26.134 MB·English

by  Ion Bostan, Adrian Gheorghe, Valeriu Dulgheru, Ion Sobor, Viorel Bostan, Anatolie Sochirean (auth.)

Resilient Energy Systems
TOPICS IN SAFETY, RISK, RELIABILITY AND QUALITY
Volume19
Editor
AdrianV.Gheorghe
OldDominionUniversity,Norfolk,Virginia,U.S.A.
EditorialAdvisoryBoard
P.Sander,TechnicalUniversityofEindhoven,TheNetherlands
D.C.Barrie,LakeheadUniversity,Ontario,Canada
R.Leitch,RoyalMilitaryCollegeofScience(Cranfield),Shriverham,U.K.
Aimsand Scope. Fundamental questions whicharebeing asked thesedaysof all products,
processesandserviceswitheverincreasingfrequencyare:
Whatistherisk?
Howsafeisit?
Howreliableisit?
Howgoodisthequality?
Howmuchdoesitcost?
Thisisparticularlytrueasthegovernment,industry,public,customersandsocietybecome
increasinglyinformedandarticulate.
In practice none of the three topics can be considered in isolation as they all interact and
interrelate in very complex and subtle ways and require a range of disciplines for their
description and application; they encompass the social, engineering and physical sciences
andquantitativedisciplinesincludingmathematics,probabilitytheoryandstatistics.
The major objective of the series is to provide series of authoritative texts suitable for
academic taught courses, reference purposes, postgraduate and other research and practi-
tionersgenerallyworkingorstronglyassociatedwithareassuchas:
SafetyAssessmentandManagement
EmergencyPlanning
RiskManagement
ReliabilityAnalysisandAssessment
VulnerabilityAssessmentandManagement
QualityAssuranceandManagement
Specialemphasisisplacedontextswithregardtoreadability,relevance,clarity,applicability,
rigourandgenerallysoundquantitativecontent.
Forfurthervolumes:
http://www.springer.com/series/6653
Ion Bostan • Adrian Gheorghe (cid:129) Valeriu Dulgheru
Ion Sobor (cid:129) Viorel Bostan (cid:129) Anatolie Sochirean
Resilient Energy Systems
Renewables: Wind, Solar, Hydro
123
IonBostan AdrianGheorghe
TechnicalUniversityofMoldova EngineeringManagement
StefanCelMareBoulevard168 andSystemsEngineering
2004Chis¸inaˇu OldDominionUniversity
RepublicofMoldova Norfolk,VA,USA
ValeriuDulgheru IonSobor
MechanicalEngineering TechnicalUniversityofMoldova
TechnicalUniversityofMoldova StefanCelMareBoulevard168
StefanCelMareBoulevard168 2004Chis¸inaˇu
2004Chis¸inaˇu RepublicofMoldova
RepublicofMoldova
AnatolieSochirean
ViorelBostan TechnicalUniversityofMoldova
TechnicalUniversityofMoldova StefanCelMareBoulevard168
StefanCelMareBoulevard168 2004Chis¸inaˇu
2004Chis¸inaˇu RepublicofMoldova
RepublicofMoldova
ISSN1566-0443
ISBN978-94-007-4188-1 ISBN978-94-007-4189-8(eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-94-007-4189-8
SpringerDordrechtHeidelbergNewYorkLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2012938960
©SpringerScience+BusinessMediaB.V.2013
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Contents
1 Introduction .................................................................. 1
2 UseofRenewableEnergy:World,EuropeanandNational
Perspectives................................................................... 5
2.1 Recent Consumptionof Primary Energyat World
andatNationalLevels .................................................. 5
2.1.1 WorldConsumptionofPrimaryEnergyintheWorld......... 5
2.2 EnergyandtheEnvironment ........................................... 19
2.2.1 FactorsthatChangetheClimate ............................... 19
2.2.2 HowtoHealTerra .............................................. 30
2.3 RenewableEnergyandSustainableDevelopment..................... 34
2.3.1 Theoretical,TechnicalandEconomicalEnergyPotential .... 34
2.3.2 GlobalRenewableEnergy:ItsPresentandFuture............ 37
2.3.3 ExperienceofEuropeanCountries
inRESPromotionandUse..................................... 40
References..................................................................... 45
3 SolarEnergy.................................................................. 47
3.1 TheSunasEnergySource.............................................. 47
3.1.1 GeneralNotions................................................. 47
3.1.2 SolarRadiationontheEarthSurface.......................... 51
3.1.3 TheSunandtheGlobalEnergyBalance ...................... 52
3.1.4 GreenhouseEffectSimulation ................................. 53
3.2 SolarEnergyPotential.................................................. 55
3.2.1 GlobalSolarEnergyPotential.................................. 55
3.2.2 EstimationofAvailableSolarRadiation....................... 56
3.3 SolarEnergyConversionSystems ..................................... 63
3.3.1 GeneralView.................................................... 63
3.3.2 SolarSystemsforWaterHeating .............................. 65
3.3.3 SystemsforSolarThermalEnergyConversion
into Electrical Energy by Combining the
GreenhouseEffectandAirPressureDifference............... 90
v
vi Contents
3.3.4 SolarSystemswithSolarRays’Concentration ............... 104
3.3.5 PhotovoltaicSystems........................................... 125
References..................................................................... 162
4 KineticalEnergyofRiverRunningWater................................ 165
4.1 EnergyPotential......................................................... 165
4.1.1 ClassificationofHydropowerSystems ........................ 165
4.1.2 GlobalEnergyPotential........................................ 166
4.1.3 Macro-,Mini-orMicroHydropower?......................... 171
4.1.4 CalculationofWaterKineticEnergyPotential................ 176
4.1.5 FlowRateMeasurement........................................ 180
4.1.6 HowtoChooseaHydroTurbine? ............................. 183
4.2 HydraulicEnergyConversionSystems................................ 185
4.2.1 BriefHistoryofHydraulicEnergyConversion
SystemsDevelopment.......................................... 185
4.2.2 ModernWaterWheels.......................................... 191
4.2.3 FloatingMicroHydroelectricPowerPlantsfor
RiverWaterKineticEnergyConversion....................... 216
4.3 MicroHydroelectricPowerPlantwithPintleandBlades
withRectilinearProfileinNormalSection ............................ 226
4.3.1 ConceptualDiagrams........................................... 227
4.3.2 ModelingofBladesInteractionwiththeWater ............... 228
4.3.3 LaboratoryTestingoftheMicroHydroelectric
PowerPlantwithPintle......................................... 231
4.4 MicroHydroelectricPowerPlantwithHorizontalAxle
andHelicalTurbine..................................................... 232
4.4.1 ConceptualDiagrams........................................... 232
4.4.2 SomeAspectsofAnalyticDescriptionofthe
BasicGeometricalParameters ................................. 234
4.4.3 ModelingoftheBladesInteractionwithWater ............... 236
4.5 Micro Hydropower Plant with Rotor’s Pintle
andHydrodynamicProfileofBlades................................... 240
4.5.1 ConceptualDiagrams........................................... 241
4.5.2 ResearchontheFactorsofInfluenceofKinetic
Energy ConversionEfficiency and Design
oftheHydrodynamicRotor.................................... 251
4.5.3 PrecessionalMultiplierasMainComponentinthe
KinematicalStructureoftheMicroHydropowerPlant....... 307
4.5.4 Design,ManufacturingandTestingofLowSpeed
CentrifugalPumpforMicroHydropowerPlants.............. 322
4.5.5 Developmentof the Design Concept and
ManufacturingofPilotStationofPolyfunctional
Floating Micro Hydro Power Plant for
ExperimentalResearchinRealConditions.................... 330
Contents vii
4.5.6 FloatingMicroHydropowerPlantsforRiver
WaterKineticEnergyConversionintoElectrical
andMechanicalEnergy......................................... 342
References..................................................................... 355
5 WindEnergy ................................................................. 361
5.1 WindasEnergySource................................................. 361
5.2 EstimationoftheWindEnergyResources............................. 364
5.2.1 CharacteristicsandParametersoftheWindEnergy .......... 364
5.2.2 MethodologyofWindPowerPotentialEstimation ........... 368
5.3 StatisticsofWindClimatologyandtheWindAtlas................... 369
5.4 Conversion of the Air Flow Kinetic Energy
intoMechanicalEnergy:BetzLimit ................................... 374
5.4.1 WindEnergyandPower........................................ 374
5.4.2 WindTurbineintheAirFlow.................................. 376
5.4.3 BetzLimit....................................................... 377
5.4.4 NumberofBladesandRotorDiameterEffect ................ 379
5.5 EvolutionofWindTechnologyDevelopment ......................... 382
5.5.1 CommencementofCommercialTechnologies................ 382
5.5.2 WindTurbineDesign........................................... 384
5.5.3 PrinciplesofControlofWindTurbinePower
OutputtotheGrid .............................................. 388
5.5.4 ConstructiveSchemesforGeneratorOperating............... 391
5.5.5 BladesManufacturingMaterials............................... 393
5.6 LargeWindTurbinesandFarms ....................................... 395
5.6.1 LargeWindTurbines:TrendsandObjectives................. 395
5.6.2 WindFarms..................................................... 400
5.7 SmallPowerWindTurbines............................................ 401
5.7.1 Global Market Overview, Manufacturing
CompaniesandIncentivePolicies ............................. 401
5.7.2 SmallPowerWindTurbinesDesignedatthe
TechnicalUniversityofMoldova .............................. 410
References..................................................................... 420
6 PermanentMagnetGenerators(PMG)forWindTurbines
andMicroHydroTurbines ................................................. 423
6.1 TechnicalRequirementsImposedtoElectricGenerators
forHydraulicandWindEnergyConversion........................... 423
6.2 SynchronousGenerators with Electric Excitation
orPermanentMagnets.................................................. 425
6.3 ConstructiveSchemesofPMG......................................... 429
6.4 ExampleofWindTurbinePMGDesign............................... 434
6.4.1 MainDimensionsofPMG ..................................... 434
6.4.2 DesignofTeethandSlotsZoneandArmatureWinding...... 436
6.4.3 CalculationofMagneticCircuit................................ 439
6.4.4 CalculationofParameters...................................... 443
viii Contents
6.4.5 ExternalCharacteristicofGenerator........................... 445
6.4.6 MassofActiveMaterials....................................... 446
6.5 PermanentMagnetGeneratoras a ComponentPart
ofaWindTurbine....................................................... 449
References..................................................................... 453
7 SeaWavesEnergy............................................................ 455
7.1 Generalities.............................................................. 455
7.2 Energypotential......................................................... 458
7.2.1 TidalEnergyPotential.......................................... 458
7.2.2 OceanCurrentsEnergyPotential .............................. 463
7.2.3 OceanWavesEnergyPotential................................. 465
7.3 TidalEnergy:TheoreticalConsiderations ............................. 467
7.3.1 GeneralNotions................................................. 467
7.3.2 TidalPhysics.................................................... 469
7.3.3 Amplitude,CyclePeriodandTidalBraking .................. 471
7.4 TheoreticalAspectsofWaveEnergy................................... 472
7.4.1 SomeAspectsofWaveFormation............................. 472
7.4.2 TypesandBasicCharacteristicsofWaves..................... 473
7.4.3 WavesandWind................................................ 475
7.4.4 SomeAspectsoftheWaveTheory ............................ 478
7.5 ConceptualSystemsofOceanEnergyConversion.................... 483
7.5.1 ClassificationofConversionSystems ......................... 483
7.5.2 WaterTurbineswithSubmersibleBlades ..................... 484
7.5.3 SystemsBasedontheOscillatingWaterColumn............. 485
7.5.4 SystemwithFloatableElements............................... 485
7.5.5 CostAnalysisofaNumberofCoastalSystems............... 487
7.6 WaveEnergyCaptureSystems......................................... 488
7.6.1 TidalEnergyCaptureSystems................................. 489
7.6.2 WaveEnergyCaptureSystems................................. 491
7.7 WaveEnergyCaptureSystems,Authors’Elaborations............... 495
7.7.1 WaveEnergyConversionPlants ............................... 496
7.7.2 Alternative Rotational Motion Summing
MechanismsforWaveEnergyConversionSystems.......... 502
References..................................................................... 506
Chapter 1
Introduction
Can you imagine life without television, cars or computers, without being able
to prepare your food every day, without lighting in the house, without heating
during the cold seasons of the year, etc.? But all this is the result of creative
activity of scientists and inventors, especially during the last 200 years. All this
may disappear during the first half of the present century, following the drastic
depletion of natural reserves of fossil fuels. Increased energy consumption leads
to a continuous increase in the volume of extracting fossil fuels, which provides
more than 85% of energy use today. Currently, the annual energy consumptionis
equivalenttomorethan11billiontonsofconventionalfuelor459EJ(4591018 J),
ofwhichonly15.4%isofnon-fossilorigin.Astheworldpopulationincreases,and
the level of energyendowmentof the economygrows, simultaneously,this figure
issteadilyincreasing,whichfactwillhaveseriousconsequences.Mostacceptable
fuels, economically,–oiland naturalgas– are supposed to be aboutexhaustedin
30–50years.
Today,mostoftheenergyneededfordailyconsumptionisproducedbyburning
fossil fuels – coal, oil and natural gas. Several million years, plants and animals
decomposingledto theformationoffossilfuels,which,however,wereconsumed
duringabout 200 years, practically.Millions of years, Earth’satmosphere formed
a whole plant system, and during a 200 years period, but, particularly in the last
100 years, the environment was seriously jeopardized and the world is facing an
ecologicaldisaster.
In 1960, 3,000 TWh of electricity were produced and consumed. In 1970 it
increased up to 6,000 TWh. 150,000 TWh were consumed in 2000. Even, if
it is possible to reduce electricity consumption in industrialized countries (U.S.,
Germany, Japan, etc.) by half, and at the same time to increase consumption per
capita,byonly25%ofglobalelectricity,inIndia,Chinaetc.–thirdworldcountries,
the overall demand would double from the today’s one. What energy sources are
abletomeettheserequirements?Increasingpowergenerationbyburningtraditional
fossilfuels,wouldfurtherendangertheecologicalsystem.Theexpectationofpower
engineering professionals is based on finding new solutions and processes that
I.Bostanetal.,ResilientEnergySystems,TopicsinSafety,Risk, 1
ReliabilityandQuality19,DOI10.1007/978-94-007-4189-8 1,
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