Table Of ContentReserves Estimation for
Geopressured Gas
Reservoirs
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Reserves Estimation for
Geopressured Gas
Reservoirs
TONGWEN JIANG
PetroChina Exploration& Production Company,
Beijing, China
HEDONG SUN
PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration
and Development, Beijing, China
HONGFENG WANG
PetroChina Tarim Oilfield Company,Korla,China
XIANGJIAO XIAO
PetroChina Tarim Oilfield Company,Korla,China
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Contents
Abouttheauthors ix
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xiii
1. Introduction 1
1.1 GeopressurednaturalgasresourcesanddevelopmentinChina 1
1.1.1 Overviewofgeopressurednaturalgasresources 2
1.1.2 Gasreservoircharacteristics 2
1.1.3 Developmentstatus 3
1.1.4 Developmentstrategies 6
1.2 Classificationofgeopressuredgasreservoirs 8
1.2.1 Classificationbydepth 9
1.2.2 Classificationbypressureandpressurecoefficient 10
1.3 Reservesterms 11
1.3.1 StandardsinChina 11
1.3.2 TermsrelatedtoSecuritiesandExchangeCommissionreserves 15
1.4 Dynamicreserves 16
1.4.1 Definition 16
1.4.2 Calculationmethods 20
1.4.3 Challengesfordynamicreserveestimation 23
2. Pressure monitoring of geopressuredgas wells 27
2.1 Downholetemperatureandpressuremonitoringofhigh
pressure&hightemperature(HPHT)gaswells 27
2.1.1 Roleandfunctionofdynamicmonitoring 27
2.1.2 Contentandmeansofdynamicmonitoring 28
2.1.3 Downholetemperatureandpressuremonitoring
technologyforHPHTgaswells 32
2.2 Staticpressureconversionforgaswells 41
2.2.1 Gascolumndensityconversionmethod 42
2.2.2 Staticpressuregradientconversionmethod 42
2.2.3 Wellheadstaticpressureconversionmethod 43
2.3 Calculationofaveragegasreservoirpressure 50
2.3.1 Arithmeticaveragemethod 50
2.3.2 Weightedaveragemethod 51
v
vi Contents
3. Physicalproperties ofnatural gas and formation water 53
3.1 Compositionandpropertiesofnaturalgas 53
3.1.1 Compositionofnaturalgas 53
3.1.2 Equationofstateofanidealgas 54
3.2 Behaviorofrealgas 58
3.2.1 Naturalgasdeviationfactor 59
3.2.2 Compressibilityfactorsfornaturalgases 71
3.2.3 Gasformationvolumefactor 75
3.2.4 Naturalgasviscosity 75
3.3 Deviationfactorofultra-high-pressuregas 80
3.3.1 DPRorDAKextrapolationmethod 80
3.3.2 LXF-RMP(Lietal.,2010)fittingmethod 82
3.4 Propertiesofformationwater 87
3.4.1 Formationwatervolumefactor 88
3.4.2 Formationwaterviscosity 91
3.4.3 Naturalgassolubilityinwater 92
3.4.4 Isothermalcompressibilityfactorofformationwater 94
4. Materialbalance equation of agas reservoir 97
4.1 Materialbalanceequationforhomogeneousgasreservoirs 98
4.1.1 Volumetricgasreservoir 99
4.1.2 Closedgasreservoir 104
4.1.3 Water-drivegasreservoir 109
4.1.4 Water-drivegasreservoirwithwater-solublegas 116
4.1.5 Linearformofpressuredepletioncurve 118
4.2 Materialbalanceequationforcompartmentedgasreservoirs 119
4.2.1 Paynemethod 119
4.2.2 Hagoort(cid:1)Hoogstramethod 123
4.2.3 Gaomethod 125
4.2.4 Sunmethod 131
4.3 Driveindexofgasreservoir 137
4.4 Apparentinitialgasinplaceofgasreservoir 140
4.5 Sensitivityanalysisofkeyparameters 142
4.5.1 Rockcompressibilityfactor 142
4.5.2 Sizeofwaterbody 152
4.5.3 Pressuredepletion 152
4.5.4 Apparentreservoirpressure 152
4.5.5 Influenceofwater-solublegas 155
Contents vii
5. Original gas inplace estimations for geopressured
gas reservoirs 157
5.1 Classicaltwo-segmentmethod 158
5.1.1 Hammerlindlmethod 158
5.1.2 Chenmethod 161
5.1.3 Gan(cid:1)Blasingamemethod 164
5.1.4 Discussiononthetimeofinflectionpointofp/Zcurve 171
5.2 Linearregressionmethod 172
5.2.1 Ramagost(cid:1)Farshadmethod 173
5.2.2 Roachmethod 175
5.2.3 Poston(cid:1)Chen(cid:1)Akhtarmethod 178
5.2.4 Becerra-Arteagamethod 190
5.2.5 Havlena(cid:1)Odehmethod 195
5.2.6 Sunmethod 199
5.3 Nonlinearregressionmethod 206
5.3.1 Binaryregressionmethod 206
5.3.2 Nonlinearregressionmethod 209
5.3.3 Startingpointofthenonlinearregressionmethod 215
5.4 Typecurvematchinganalysismethod 223
5.4.1 Ambasthamethod 223
5.4.2 Fetkovichmethod 227
5.4.3 Gonzalezmethod 231
5.4.4 Sunmethod 235
5.4.5 Multiwellproductiondeclineanalysismethod 240
5.5 Trial-and-erroranalysismethod 246
5.6 Originalgasinplaceestimationprocedureofgeopressured
gasreservoirs 255
5.6.1 Summaryofcalculationmethods 255
5.6.2 Recommendedmethods 255
5.6.3 Recommendedprocedure 258
5.6.4 Basicdatapreparation 258
5.6.5 Comparativeanalysisofresults 260
Appendices 265
Bibliography 301
Index 315
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About the authors
Tongwen Jiang, PhD, SPE&AAPG member,
born in 1968, professor, earned his PhD degree in
oil and gas field development engineering from
Southwest Petroleum Institute in 1996. He has
been working for Tarim Oilfield Company since
1996 and has rich experience in reservoir study
and management. He has published over 40 papers
on complicated oil and gas reservoir studies such as
condensate gas reservoirs and fractured reservoirs.
He has authored six books published by Petroleum
Industry Press and Elsevier, including Dynamic Description Technology
of Fractured Vuggy Carbonate Gas Reservoir and Abnormal High
Pressure Gas Field Development.
Hedong Sun, PhD, SPE member, born in 1973,
professor, earned his PhD degree from Xi’an
Jiaotong University in 2004. Since 2004, he has
been working as a research engineer at Research
Institute of Petroleum Exploration and
Development of PetroChina. Prof. Sun has about
20 years of reservoir engineering experience with a
focus on well test analysis and production decline
analysis. He has published over 60 papers in peer-
reviewed journals and SPE conferences. He has
authored four books published by Elsevier, including Advanced
Production Decline Analysis and Application and Well Test Analysis for
Multilayered Reservoir with Formation Crossflow.
Hongfeng Wang, born in 1978, senior engineer,
earned his PhD degree in oil and gas field develop-
ment engineering from Southwest Petroleum
University in 2022. He has been working for Tarim
OilfieldCompanysince2004andhasrichexperience
in gas reservoir study and management. He has pub-
lished 3 books and more than 10 papers on high-
pressureandhigh-temperaturegasreservoirsandcon-
densategasreservoirsstudyandmanagement.
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