Table Of ContentRESEARCH
Transformed into
PRACTICE
Implementation ofNSF Research
Proceedings of the Conference sponsored by the
National Science Foundation
Arlington, Virginia
June 14-16,1995
Edited by James Colville and Amde M. Amde
ASCE
presas
Published by
ASCE Press
American Society of Civil Engineers
345 East 47th Street
New York, New York 10017-2398
ABSTRACT
Research Transformed Into Practice: Implementation of NSF Research
published by ASCE Press presents a variety of technical developments and inno-
vations that have resulted in a successful transfer of research into engineering
practice. All work described was funded by the National Science Foundation in
the general areas of structures, structural mechanics, geomechanics, geotechni-
cal and structural systems and construction materials. The implementations
described include new or improved products, materials, methods of construction,
commericial software, and new or revised standards and/or Codes of Practice
and Design. The book is divided into several chapters: (1) Engineering
Infrastructures; (2) Composites, Structural Systems and Connections; (3)
Instrumentation; (4) Software; (5) Masonry; (6) Bridges; (7) Seismic; (8) Analysis
and Desjgn; and (9) Concrete. Also discussed in the book are basic technology
transfer issues including strategies, obstacles, and experiences related to suc-
cessful implementation of technology into engineering practice.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Research transformed into practice: implementation of NSF research: proceed
ings of the conference sponsored by the National Science Foundation:
Crystal City, Virginia, June 14-16,1995/edited by James Colville and Amde
M. Amde.
p. cm.
ISBN 0-7844-0094-6
Engineering—Research—United States—Congresses. 2. Technology
transfer—United States—Congresses. 3. National Science Foundation
(U.S.)—Research—Congresses. I. Colville, James, 1936- . II. Amde,
Amde M. III. National Science Foundation (U.S.)
TA160.4.R48 1995 95-219
338.97306—dc20 CIP
The material presented in this publication has been prepared in accor-
dance with generally recognized engineering principles and practices, and is for
general information only. This information should not be used without first secur-
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Copyright © 1995 by the American Society of Civil Engineers,
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Library of Congress Catalog Card No: 95-219
ISBN 0-7844-0094-6
Manufactured in the United States of America.
FOREWORD
This book is a compilation of the proceedings of a conference and workshop with
an unusual but extremely important focus. To the best of my knowledge, for the first
time, researchers have been asked to participate in a planned discussion on the various
methods and techniques which have proven successful in transforming research results
into practice.
The specific objectives of the various parts of the program have met several goals.
The foremost and primary objective is to document the successful transfer of research
results from projects supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) into the
practice of engineering and construction. This task is not always an easy one, consid-
ering the barriers to innovation, the reluctance to change, and the necessity in some
instances for additional education and training. It is, however, an essential process for
engineers and contractors whose purpose is to design and build more efficient, cost-
effective structures and to provide better professional services.
A corollary objective of the conference, presented in this book, is the documentation
of the various methods employed by the different researchers to bring their research
results into the practical engineering and construction arena. As information on results
and methods is disseminated through various publications, the results are often accepted
by others and implemented in their specific activities. I can visualize that this book
will serve as a reference not only of the methods of transfer but also of the type of
research which has been commercialized and from which the total industry may benefit.
Another important aspect not to be overlooked is the value of this book as a vehicle
to inform the general public about the benefits to be derived from research supported
by NSF. These research projects are supported by public funds, and the benefits there-
from should accrue to the country as a whole.
The workshop following the conference was designed to develop ideas and sugges-
tions to assist the transfer of knowledge to industry. By noting the barriers to the com-
mercialization of research results, we may help others develop the techniques to over-
come them. This is an essential activity to promote the progress of the profession of
engineering and the construction industry.
The discussion of these topics of barriers and strategies to overcome them will lead
to recommendations which will facilitate the early acceptance of research results for
future commercializations. If the United States is to continue to be the world leader in
engineering and construction, it must exhibit this leadership in an expeditious manner;
otherwise, other nations will overtake us.
I am encouraged that there are over 130 authors and co-authors represented in the
61 papers in this book. Given the success of this conference, future conferences will
encourage the many other NSF sponsored researchers who have also seen their research
transformed into practice to share their experiences.
Dr. John B. Scalzi
National Science Foundation
Arlington, VA 22230
iii
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PREFACE
Research is defined as "scholarly or scientific investigation or inquiry" (The Amer-
ican Heritage Dictionary) especially "investigation or experimentation aimed at the dis-
covery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of
new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws" (Webster's
New Collegiate Dictionary).
The practical application of new or revised theories or laws resulting from scholarly
or scientific investigation or inquiry, however, is too often either a missing component
of scholarly research or is considered a separate activity that can be carried out inde-
pendently of both the basic research findings and the original researcher. As a result,
most conferences and workshops related to engineering research focus on the technical
results of research and the presentation of new findings without any discussion of im-
plementation.
In a recent report by the Civil Engineering Research Foundation—Japan International
Research Task Force (JTF) titled "Transferring Research into Practice: Lessons from
Japan's Construction Industry," November, 1991, a number of recommendations and
concepts are stated with a major goal of developing new ways to transfer research into
practice more effectively with resulting benefit to the US Construction Industry. On a
broader scale, it has been stated recently (Civil Infrastructure Systems, an Integrative
Research Approach, Program Announcement and Guidelines, NSF 94-4) that current
difficulties in disseminating new technologies, negative incentives for adopting new
technologies, and excessive litigation have combined to impede technological advance
in the general area of Civil Infrastructure Systems.
As a first step towards improving technology transfer and implementation of re-
search, the National Science Foundation acted to convene a forum for exchange of
information by researchers through a "Research Transformed into Practice Conference
and Workshop," in which the focus was on practical applications emanating from a
wide variety of past and current research projects, rather than on research results and
findings. The scope of the Conference was limited to research which has been spon-
sored by the National Science Foundation. The Conference included both a brief review
of the research work and scholarly findings along with information on the utilization
of the technology developed in engineering practice. The Workshop section of the meeting
was developed to allow researchers, including those who had not yet fully completed
the implementation phase of research, to address issues related to successful technology
transfer, and to also allow a sharing of experience in translating the results of research
into practice.
The scope of the Conference was also limited to the general areas of structures,
structural mechanics, geomechanics, geotechnical and structural systems and construc-
tion materials. The utilization or implementation of the research included, but was not
limited to, new or improved products, materials, methods of construction and software.
Also, research resulting in the development of new or revised standards and/or codes
was included.
V
The papers presented in this book cover a broad range of topics, issues, and imple-
mentations and are organized into several chapters: (I) Engineering Infrastructures; (II)
Composites, Structural Systems and Connections; (III) Instrumentation; (IV) Software;
(V) Masonry; (VI) Bridges; (VII) Seismic; (VIII) Analysis and Design; and (IX) Con-
crete. Although over 60 papers are presented, they represent only a small sample of
the successful transfer of technology into engineering practice resulting from research
sponsored by the National Science Foundation. We ascribe this limitation to the fact
that the conference and workshop theme and scope are unique. It is our hope that
similar conferences and workshops can be held every three years and that as the value
of sharing experiences in transforming research into practice becomes more evident,
there will be a greater response from researchers both in seeking to transfer their re-
search work into engineering practice, and in participating in such future conferences.
In organizing this Conference and Workshop, we are indebted to many individuals.
Firstly we greatly appreciate the time and effort expended by all authors in submitting
their manuscripts and responding to review comments in a timely manner. Without
their interest and cooperation, it would not have been possible to hold the Conference.
Also in planning for the Conference and Workshop, the Steering Committee members
listed below were a source of great help, encouragement, and wise counsel. Dr. James
L. Noland, Atkinson-Noland and Associates, Inc. was an original member of the Steer-
ing Committee until his untimely death on December 17, 1994.
Steering Committee NSF Program Directors
Dr. V. Ramakrishnan, Dept. of Civil Eng., Dr. John B,. Scalzi (ex-officio
South Dakota School of Mines & Technology, member of Steering Committee)
Rapid City, SD.
Dr. Ken P. Chong
Dr. Egor P. Popov, Dept. of Civil Eng.,
Univ. of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA. Dr. Clifford Astill
Dr. George C. Lee, School of Eng., and Dr. Jorn Larsen-Basse
Applied Science, SUNY at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY.
Dr. Oscar Dillon
Dr. Richard H. Atkinson, Atkinson-Noland and
Associates, Inc., Boulder, CO.
Dr. Daniel Abrams, Dept. of Civil Eng.,
Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, IL.
Finally the financial support and assistance provided by the National Science Foun-
dation Program Directors listed above is gratefully acknowledged.
James Colville and Amde M. Amde
vi
CONTENTS
CHAPTER I
ENGINEERING INFRASTRUCTURES
Transferring Electronic Packaging Research Results
1
M. Ojalvo and C.A. Rust
Design of Landfill Covers Using Paper Mill Sludges
H.K. Moo-Young and T.F. Zimmie 14
Reliability-Based Rehabilitation of Water Infrastructure
Y.Y. Haimes, J.H. Lambert, V. Tulsiani, and D. Li 29
Wind Engineering Research Applications
E.W. Kiesling, J.R. McDonald, K.C. Mehta, and P.P. Sarkar 41
Assessing Effects of Natural and Man Made Hazards
K. Arulanandan 50
CHAPTER II
COMPOSITES, STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS AND CONNECTIONS
Design and Evaluation of First Multi-cellular Fiber Reinforced Plastic
Building
S.N. Sotiropoulos and H.V.S. GangaRao 62
Research into Practice for Large Ocean Structures
J.F.P. Brahtz 71
Thin Steel Plate Shear Walls, Research to Practice
M. Elgaaly, Y. Liu, and V. Caccese 82
Behavior of Poltruded Composite Frame Structures and Connections
A.S. Mosallarr 94
Design and Implementation of ATLSS Connections
R.B. Fleischman, L.W. Lu, B.V. Viscomi, and K. Goodwin 108
Design Applications of a Prestressed FRP/Kevlar Cable Structural
System
G.E. Johansen, R. Wilson, F. Roll, P. Ritchie, L.W. Lu, D. Thomas, L.
Bank, and M. Innes 120
CHAPTER III
INSTRUMENTATION
Impact-Echo: Development and Technology Transfer
M.J. Sansalone and W.B. Streett 135
vii
viii CONTENTS
High Speed Ultrasonic Tomography for the Detection of Flaws in
Concrete Members
F. Jalinoos and L.D. Olson 147
An Ultrasonic Field Monitoring Instrument for Evaluation of Timber
Bridges
U.B. Halabe, S.H. Petro, and P. Klinkhachorn 158
Fatigue Loading Indicator for Bridges
P.A. Fuchs, S. Petro, U. Halabe, P. Klinkhachorn, and H. GangaRao 166
Magnetic Nondestructive Evaluation Techniques for Inspection of
Railroad Bridges
M.R. Govindaraju, M.K. Devine, S.B. Biner, and D.C. Jiles 177
A Non-Destructive Evaluation Instrument for Axial Load Measurements
N.P. Vedula, C. Spyrakos, and P. Klinkhachorr 187
An Electric Dispersion Technique for Soil Characterization
S. Thevanayagam 198
Use of Fiber Optic Sensors for the Non-Destructive Strength Evaluation
and Early Warning of Impending Failure in Structural Components
E.G. Nawy 210
Development of an Automated Pavement Inspection System for the
Non-Destructive Evaluation of Highway and Airfield Pavements
S.A. Guralnick, E.S. Suen, and S. Zoruba 221
CHAPTER IV
SOFTWARE
FRANC2D: A Case Study in Transfer of Software Technology
A.R. Ingraffea and P.A. Wawrzynek 233
Development and Implementation of an Automated Design System for
Steel Roof Trusses
D. Wright, J. Situ, B. Mobasher, and S.D. Rajan 245
Pseudo Dynamic Testing Software
A. Nayef and H. Aktan 257
From Algorithm to Practical Tool—The Development of a Construction
Time-Cost Trade-Off Optimization System
S. Bums, L. Liu, and C.W. Feng 269
Random Vibration Analysis: From Research into Practice
R.S. Harichandran and A. Ali 281
Probabilistic Prediction of Tunnel Boring Machine Performance
P.P. Nelson, Y.A. Al-Jalil, and C. Laughton 283
An Interactive System for Geotechnical Spatial Analysis
R. Luna and J.D. Frost 295
The Development of Implementation of SEISAB
J. Lea and R.A. Imbsen 308
The National Institute for Computers in Engineering (NICE) Revisited
D. Schelling 316
CONTENTS ix
CHAPTER V
MASONRY
Injection Grouting for Repair of Masonry: Research to Practice
R.H. Atkinson, M.P. Schuller, and P.B. Shine 349
U.S. Coordinated Program for Masonry Building Research: Technology
Transfer
J.L. Noland and G.R. Kingsley 360
Nondestructive Evaluation of Masonry Structures: Standardization and
Current Practice
M.P. Schuller, R.H. Atkinson, and G.R. Kingsley 372
Shear Strength of Composite Masonry Walls
S.A. Anand 384
Polymer Modified Mortars in Brick Masonry Construction
J. Colville and A.M. Amde 396
CHAPTER VI
BRIDGES
Implementation of Bridge Inspection Technologies
W.D. Michalerya, R.D. Granata, W.P. Li, and J.L. Wilson 409
Evaluation and Testing of a Fracture Critical Bridge
R.L. Idress, K.R. White, C.B. Woodward, and D.V. Jauregui 421
McKinleyville Jointless Bridge with FRP Bars in Concrete Deck
H.V.S. GangaRao, H.K. Thippeswamy, and S.V. Kumar 436
Stress-Laminated Timber Bridges: Research Into Practice
J.F. Davalos and H.A. Salim 448
The Timber Bridge Initiative in West Virginia: Are New Timber
Bridges a Practical Choice?
B. Dickson 460
Aerodynamic Design of Cable-Supported Bridges
N.P. Jones, R.H. Scanlan, and S.L. Stroh 471
Reliability Models for Bridges
A.S. Nowak 483
Bridge Reliability Evaluation in the 21st Century
A.E. Aktan, V. Dalai, D.N. Farhey, and V.J. Hum 493
CHAPTER VII
SEISMIC
Seismic Isolation Needs a Fresh Start
V. Shustov 506
Seismic Isolation—A Case Study of Research Into Practice in the Field
of Earthquake Engineering
I. Aiken and J.M. Kelly 518
