Research Methods in Psycholinguistics and the Neurobiology of Language: A Practical Guide

409 Pages·2017·13.56 MB·English

by  Annette M. B. de Groot

Research Methods in Psycholinguistics
and the Neurobiology of Language
Guides to Research Methods in Language and Linguistics
Series Editor: Li Wei, Centre for Applied Linguistics, University College London
The science of language encompasses a truly interdisciplinary field of research, with
a wide range of focuses, approaches, and objectives. While linguistics has its own
traditional approaches, a variety of other intellectual disciplines have contributed
methodological perspectives that enrich the field as a whole. As a result, linguistics
now draws on state‐of‐the‐art work from such fields as psychology, computer
science, biology, neuroscience and cognitive science, sociology, music, philosophy,
and anthropology.
The interdisciplinary nature of the field presents both challenges and opportu-
nities to students who must understand a variety of evolving research skills and
methods. The Guides to Research Methods in Language and Linguistics addresses
these skills in a systematic way for advanced students and beginning researchers in
language science. The books in this series focus especially on the relationships between
theory, methods, and data—the understanding of which is fundamental to the
successful completion of research projects and the advancement of knowledge.
1. The Blackwell Guide to Research Methods in Bilingualism and Multilingualism
Edited by Li Wei and Melissa G. Moyer
2. Research Methods in Child Language: A Practical Guide
Edited by Erika Hoff
3. Research Methods in Second Language Acquisition: A Practical Guide
Edited by Susan M. Gass and Alison Mackey
4. Research Methods in Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics: A Practical Guide
Edited by Nicole Müller and Martin J. Ball
5. Research Methods in Sociolinguistics: A Practical Guide
Edited by Janet Holmes and Kirk Hazen
6. Research Methods in Sign Language Studies: A Practical Guide
Edited by Eleni Orfanidou, Bencie Woll, and Gary Morgan
7. Research Methods in Language Policy and Planning: A Practical Guide
Edited by Francis Hult and David Cassels Johnson
8. Research Methods in Intercultural Communication: A Practical Guide
Edited by Zhu Hua
9. Research Methods in Psycholinguistics and the Neurobiology of Language:
A Practical Guide
Edited by Annette M. B. de Groot and Peter Hagoort
Research Methods in
Psycholinguistics and the
Neurobiology of Language
A Practical Guide
Edited by
Annette M. B. de Groot and Peter Hagoort
This edition first published 2018
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Hardback: 9781119109846
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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
List of Figures vii
List of Tables ix
Notes on Contributors x
Preface xvi
1 Habituation Techniques 1
Christopher T. Fennell
2 Visual Preference Techniques 18
Roberta Michnick Golinkoff, Melanie Soderstrom, Dilara Deniz Can,
and Kathy Hirsh‐Pasek
3 Assessing Receptive and Expressive Vocabulary in Child Language 40
Virginia A. Marchman and Philip S. Dale
4 Eye‐Movement Tracking During Reading 68
Reinhold Kliegl and Jochen Laubrock
5 The Visual World Paradigm 89
Anne Pier Salverda and Michael K. Tanenhaus
6 Word Priming and Interference Paradigms 111
Zeshu Shao and Antje S. Meyer
7 Structural Priming 130
Holly P. Branigan and Catriona L. Gibb
8 Conversation Analysis 151
Elliott M. Hoey and Kobin H. Kendrick
9 Virtual Reality 174
Daniel Casasanto and Kyle M. Jasmin
10 Studying Psycholinguistics out of the Lab 190
Laura J. Speed, Ewelina Wnuk, and Asifa Majid
11 Computational Modeling 208
Ping Li and Xiaowei Zhao
vi Contents
12 Corpus Linguistics 230
Marc Brysbaert, Paweł Mandera, and Emmanuel Keuleers
13 Electrophysiological Methods 247
Joost Rommers and Kara D. Federmeier
14 Hemodynamic Methods: fMRI and fNIRS 266
Roel M. Willems and Alejandrina Cristia
15 Structural Neuroimaging 288
Stephanie J. Forkel and Marco Catani
16 Lesion Studies 310
Juliana V. Baldo and Nina F. Dronkers
17 Molecular Genetic Methods 330
Carolien G. F. de Kovel and Simon E. Fisher
Index 354
List of Figures
Figure 1.1 Examples of various infant language habituation tasks 5
Figure 1.2 Mean looking times across various trial types in Fennell
and Byers‐Heinlein (2014) 12
Figure 2.1 The Intermodal Preferential Looking Paradigm 22
Figure 2.2 Means of single longest look in seconds to infant‐directed (IDS)
and adult‐directed (ADS) speech stimuli 25
Figure 2.3 The Interactive Intermodal Preferential Looking Paradigm 26
Figure 2.4 Visual fixation to original label, new label, and recovery trials
by condition 28
Figure 2.5 Eye gaze shifts toward and away from target in
looking‐while‐listening task by age 30
Figure 2.6 The Headturn Preference Procedure 33
Figure 4.1 Typical eye tracker set up 71
Figure 4.2 Illustration of the gaze‐contingent moving‐window (top) and
boundary (bottom) paradigms 73
Figure 4.3 Velocity‐based saccade detection 75
Figure 4.4 Determination of word boundaries with PRAAT software 80
Figure 4.5 Main effect of eye‐voice span and its interaction with predictability 81
Figure 5.1 Example of a screen‐based visual world paradigm experimental
set up 90
Figure 5.2 Example visual display modeled after Altmann and Kamide (1999) 91
Figure 5.3 Timing of target fixations for each trial, for one participant
and fixation proportions computed for same data 100
Figure 5.4 Proportion of fixations over time (from target‐word onset) to
target (goat), cohort competitor (goal), and distractor in neutral
and constraining verb conditions in Experiment 1 in Dahan and
Tanenhaus (2004) 104
Figure 6.1 An illustration of the trial structure in Meyer and Schvaneveldt (1971) 113
Figure 6.2 An illustration of the prime‐target pairs used in Glaser
and Düngelhoff (1984) 114
Figure 6.3 Results obtained by Glaser and Düngelhoff (1984) 115
Figure 6.4 Illustration of trial structures in the masked and unmasked
conditions in de Wit and Kinoshita (2015) 119
viii List of Figures
Figure 7.1 Example trial in a picture‐matching comprehension priming
paradigm 138
Figure 7.2 Example trial in a picture‐matching and picture‐description
production priming paradigm 140
Figure 7.3 Example trial in a sentence recall production priming paradigm 142
Figure 10.1 Comparison of cut and break verbs in Chontal, Hindi,
and Jalonke 195
Figure 11.1 The basic architecture of a Simple Recurrent Network (SRN) 213
Figure 11.2 A sketch of the probabilistic model that incorporates
distributional statistics from cross‐situational observation
and prosodic and attentional highlights from social gating 219
Figure 11.3 A sketch of the DevLex‐II model 221
Figure 11.4 Vocabulary spurt simulated by DevLex‐II (591 target words) 223
Figure 13.1 Idealized example of an event‐related potential waveform
in response to a visual stimulus, with labeled positive
and negative peaks 248
Figure 13.2 Grand average ERPs from three parietal channels, elicited
by the final words in the three conditions 257
Figure 13.3 Simulated EEG data illustrating the difference between ERPs
and time‐frequency analyses in their sensitivity to phase‐locked
(evoked) and non‐phase‐locked (induced) activity 260
Figure 14.1 An anatomical scan of the head and the brain (A),
and Functional MRI images (B) 269
Figure 14.2 Example of an idealized BOLD curve, sometimes called
the hemodynamic response function (HRF) 271
Figure 14.3 A statistical map overlaid on an anatomical brain scan 276
Figure 14.4 Image of a 5‐month‐old infant wearing a fNIRS cap, including
a schematic illustration of the path of light between a source
(star) and a detector (circle), through the scalp (dashed line)
and cortical tissue (in gray) 278
Figure 14.5 Sample of signal in fNIRS studies 280
Figure 15.1 Imaging of an acute patient presenting with anomia
following left inferior parietal and frontal lobe stroke 293
Figure 15.2 Lesion mapping based on T1‐weighted data (A), on a diffusion
tractography atlas (B), and an example of extracting tract‐based
measurements from tractography (C) 299
Figure 15.3 Anatomical variability in perisylvian white matter anatomy
and its relation to post‐stroke language recovery 302
Figure 16.1 A schematic illustration showing the steps involved in a VLSM
analysis 317
Figure 16.2 Overlay of patients’ lesions 320
Figure 16.3 Power analysis map showing the degree of power in our sample,
given a medium effect size and alpha set at p < .05 321
Figure 16.4 VLSM results showing neural correlates of auditory
word recognition with varying levels of correction 322
Figure 17.1 Transmission of DNA between generations 332
Figure 17.2 Visualization of Sanger sequencing results 338
Figure 17.3 Next generation sequencing 339
Figure 17.4 Visualization of SNP‐chip results 340
List of Tables
Table 1.1 Mock habituation data from four experiments with looking
time as the dependent variable 8
Table 1.2 Steps in data collection and analyses 9
Table 2.1 Visual and linguistic stimuli used to teach two novel
words in either infant‐directed or adult‐directed speech 24
Table 2.2 Ten- to 12‐month‐old infants saw two types of discrimination
trials, one to test for path discrimination and one for actor
discrimination 31
Table 3.1 Overview of instruments/analysis tools for studying vocabulary
development in children 45
Table 3.2 Example transcript from CHILDES 48
Table 4.1 Definitions of location and duration eye‐tracking measures 77
Table 4.2 Practical issues related to eye‐tracking during reading 82
Table 7.1 Example structural alternations studied in structural priming
experiments 134
Table 7.2 Stimulus materials for a hypothetical small clause study 144
Table 7.3 Hypothetical results for a small clause study 145
Table 8.1 Questions and assessments from Extracts 8.1 to 8.3 161
Table 12.1 Excerpt from the SUBTLEX‐US database for the word “appalled” 234
Table 12.2 Stimuli used in a semantic priming experiment by de Mornay
Davies (1998) 239
Table 17.1 Example of genotyping chip results for four individuals
and five polymorphisms 340