Table Of ContentResearch Data Sharing and Valorization
SCIENCES
Scientific Knowledge Management, Field Director – Renaud Fabre
Transformation Dynamics of Tools and Practices,
Subject Head – Joachim Schöpfel
Research Data Sharing
and Valorization
Developments, Tendencies, Models
Coordinated by
Joachim Schöpfel
Violaine Rebouillat
First published 2022 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Library of Congress Control Number: 2021953220
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978-1-78945-073-6
ERC code:
PE6 Computer Science and Informatics
PE6_10 Web and information systems, database systems, information retrieval and digital libraries,
data fusion
Contents
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Renaud FABRE
Chapter 1. The Research Data Repository Facility . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Violaine REBOUILLAT and Joachim SCHÖPFEL
1.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2. The term repository in the context of open access . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.3. How to define a research data repository . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4. Variable geometry devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.4.1. Heterogeneous content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.4.2. A variable scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.4.3. More or less standardized functionalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.5. The question of trust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.6. Certification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.7. The FAIR principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.8. Lifecycle and facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.9. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Chapter 2. The Landscape of Research Data Repositories
in France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Joachim SCHÖPFEL
2.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.2. Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.3. Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
vi Research Data Sharing and Valorization
2.4. Types of repositories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.5. Institutions and partners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.6. Domains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.7. FAIR principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.8. Certification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.9. Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.10. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Chapter 3. The International Community: The Strasbourg
Astronomical Data Centre (CDS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Françoise GENOVA and Mark G. ALLEN
3.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.2. The Strasbourg Astronomical Data Centre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.3. The mission and organization of the CDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.4. The evolution and services of the CDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.5. FAIR principles in astronomy: the astronomical virtual observatory . . 55
3.6. The use of CDS services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.7. Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.8. Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.8.1. Current and future challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.8.2. Future developments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
3.8.3. What will the CDS look like in 5 or 10 years? . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3.9. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3.10. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Chapter 4. Data INRAE – The Networked Repository . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Esther DZALÉ YEUMO
Chapter 5. SEANOE – A Thematic Repository . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Frédéric MERCEUR, Loic PETIT DE LA VILLEON and Sybille VAN ISEGHEM
Chapter 6. Nakala – A Data Publishing Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Stéphane POUYLLAU
Chapter 7. The National Repository Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Louki-Géronimo RICHOU and Joachim SCHÖPFEL
7.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
7.2. The concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Contents vii
7.3. The request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
7.4. Features and services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
7.5. Architecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
7.6. Alternatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
7.6.1. Develop disciplinary and local solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
7.6.2. Pooling through aggregation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
7.6.3. Outsource the system to a service provider . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
7.6.4. Develop a partnership with a non-profit actor . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
7.7. Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
7.8. Addendum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
7.9. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Chapter 8. Comparative Study of National Research Services . . . . 135
Hugo CATHERINE
8.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
8.2. Framework, objectives and scope of the study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
8.3. Recent national schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
8.4. Missions and objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
8.5. History of the devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
8.6. Governance arrangements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
8.7. Business models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
8.8. Service offer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
8.8.1. On the producer side . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
8.8.2. On the user side . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
8.8.3. Computing, analysis and collaboration services . . . . . . . . . . . 145
8.8.4. Access services for sensitive data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
8.8.5. Networks of expertise and support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
8.9. Co-constructed services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
8.10. Key success factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
8.11. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
8.12. Webography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Chapter 9. Mendeley Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Wouter HAAK, Juan GARCÍA MORGADO, Jennifer RUTTER, Alberto ZIGONI
and David TUCKER
viii Research Data Sharing and Valorization
Chapter 10. Figshare – A Place Where Open Academic
Research Outputs Live . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Mark HAHNEL
Chapter 11. Community-Driven Open Reference for Research
Data Repositories (COREF) – A Project for Further
Development of re3data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Nina WEISWEILER and Gabriele KLOSKA
Chapter 12. Issues and Prospects for Research Data
Repositories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Joachim SCHÖPFEL
12.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
12.2. The central role of repositories and diversity in the field . . . . . . . . 211
12.3. The issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
12.4. The dynamics of technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
12.5. The “new generation” data repository . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
12.6. Toward a “new normal”? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
12.6.1. The policy dimension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
12.6.2. The business model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
12.6.3. The content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
12.6.4. Diversity versus standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
12.6.5. The human factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
12.7. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Appendix A: Websites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Appendix B: Reference Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
List of Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Foreword
Renaud FABRE
Professor Emeritus, Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis, France
Today, the foundations of true scientific data policies have become visible to
researchers and users alike. It seems to be an opportune moment to propose an
English and French version of a reference book for research work, as well as for
higher education, which takes stock of the principles, projects and achievements in
progress, by applying once again the editorial policy of the SCIENCES
Encyclopedia, in this Collection dedicated to “Knowledge Management”. This book
is intended to occupy a central place in the models of basic and continuing education
of Higher Education, where a “data strategy” is currently being developed by all
stakeholders1.
In this context, the main interest of the book is twofold:
– it presents a timely opportunity to discover the reference projects and
understand the set-up;
– it outlines, across a wide range of disciplines and situations, the characteristic
facets of the goal of data policy, and of all the work of data science, or “data
scholarship” as it has come to be called (Borgman 2020).
The book provides both of these insights in a relevant and complete manner, by
and for those who build these data policies and who are both the primary actors and
1 See, for example, the adult learning course at Sorbonne University; available at: https://www.
data-strategie.sorbonne-universite.fr/.
Research Data Sharing and Valorization,
coordinated by Joachim SCHÖPFEL and Violaine REBOUILLAT. © ISTE Ltd 2022.
x Research Data Sharing and Valorization
users: disciplinary or thematic structuring projects, current and future national
sharing formulas and mechanisms are reviewed, as are the problems of data sharing,
both for scientific uses and development. Recommendations for the future are
formulated, and we can see that this book takes us to the heart of the new challenges
of scientific work, where knowledge sharing and the enrichment of its methods are
being renewed simultaneously.
The book’s emphasis on research data archiving should be well understood from
the outset. The function of the repository is indeed an essential one in every respect
in the process of constructing data sharing: there can be no visibility, comparison,
positioning, curation, sampling, stock management and replication without
repositories. It is well understood that the repository is the current canonical form,
global or local, of any constructed data policy process. Because of its obvious
functional importance, the data repository is also the very place for researchers to
learn collectively in favor of sharing: indeed, what would the perspective be if each
experience of sharing, each practice, were to be confined by the walls of an
approach partitioned to each laboratory and each use? It is clear that the repository is
the vehicle for a new scientific practice, hence the utmost importance given to the
practices of registering and managing repositories, as demonstrated by the recent
publication on this subject (Downs 2021). We will return to this later in this
introduction.
A few remarks on the context of the publication of this work and a look at its
scope will help to illustrate this point.
The context in which this book was published is that of a “French-style” data
policy that is rich in a public science dynamic, itself driven by the spirit of sharing
and opening up scientific data, addressed to all of the beneficiaries and users of
science.
In this sense, many steps have already been taken or are in the process of being
taken, with the construction of analyses and mechanisms on the possibility of
sharing, the need to do so and the need to share and exchange standards. This
reflects major legislative changes, such as the law of July 17, 1978, which deems the
output of public authorities and that under their control as “public data”, along with
data which are likely to be communicated on request, with certain limited
exceptions. The principle of accessibility, the primary characteristic of Open Data,
makes communication obligatory and bases open science on access to the common
good which is, from the outset, a right to access the data.
