Table Of ContentScience, Technology and Innovation Studies
Tugrul Daim
Jisun Kim
Kenny Phan Editors
Research and
Development
Management
Technology Journey through Analysis,
Forecasting and Decision Making
Science, Technology and Innovation
Studies
Series Editors
Leonid Gokhberg
Moscow, Russia
Dirk Meissner
Moscow, Russia
Science, technology and innovation (STI) studies are interrelated, as are STI
policies and policy studies. This series of books aims to contribute to improved
understanding of these interrelations. Their importance has become more widely
recognized,astheroleofinnovationindrivingeconomicdevelopmentandfoster-
ing societal welfare has become almost conventional wisdom. Interdisciplinary in
coverage, the series focuses on the links between STI, business, and the broader
economy and society. The series includes conceptualand empirical contributions,
which aim to extend our theoretical grasp while offering practical relevance.
RelevanttopicsincludetheeconomicandsocialimpactsofSTI,STIpolicydesign
and implementation, technology and innovation management, entrepreneurship
(and related policies), foresight studies, and analysis of emerging technologies.
Theseriesisaddressedtoprofessionalsinresearchandteaching,consultanciesand
industry,governmentandinternationalorganizations.
Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/13398
Tugrul Daim (cid:129) Jisun Kim (cid:129) Kenny Phan
Editors
Research and
Development
Management
Technology Journey through Analysis,
Forecasting and Decision Making
Editors
TugrulDaim JisunKim
DepartmentofEngineeringand DepartmentofEngineeringand
Technology Technology
PortlandStateUniversity PortlandStateUniversity
Portland,Oregon Portland,Oregon
USA USA
KennyPhan
DepartmentofEngineeringand
Technology
PortlandStateUniversity
Portland,Oregon
USA
Science,TechnologyandInnovationStudies
ISBN978-3-319-54536-3 ISBN978-3-319-54537-0 (eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-54537-0
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017935972
#SpringerInternationalPublishingAG2017
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Introduction
Research and Development Management: Tools and Cases
This volume presents tools and cases for engineering and technology managers
responsible for managing research and development organizations. The focus of
thisvolumeisthetechnologyintegrationaspect.
Thisvolumetouchesonthefollowingmajorthemes:
TechnologyAssessmentandAcquisition
TechnologyForecasting
TechnologyRoadmapping
R&DManagement
ManagementofEngineeringandTechnology
DecisionMaking
Thedevelopmentofthevolumehasaninterestingstory.
ProfessorsDaim,Kim,andPhanareallbasedintheDepartmentofEngineering
andTechnologyManagementatPortlandStateUniversityinPortlandOregonalso
known as the Silicon Forest creating close to 80,000 high-tech jobs with Intel
Corporationleadingtheregionwitharound15,000jobs.Thedepartment’smission
is to create leaders for the technology-driven organizations worldwide and offers
mastersanddoctoratedegreesinengineeringandtechnologymanagement.Histor-
ically, the department has had around 250 students including 50 doctoral
candidates. The distribution between full-time students from all around the world
andprofessionalsfromthesiliconforestisabout50:50.Theaverageagehasbeen
around32,andtheaveragepriorindustryexperiencehasbeenaround7years.This
createsanamazinglearningandresearchenvironment.ProfessorsDaim,Kim,and
Phan have been teaching classes on the themes listed above in this department.
They have also worked at companies in this region including Intel, Bonneville
PowerAdministration,andEnergyTrustofOregon.Thestudentsinthedepartment
haveateamprojectineachclass.Theyarerequiredtoexamineanimportanttopic
which falls under the themes listed above for the classes that has the exact same
titles. They acquire data from the industry and analyze it under their Professors’
v
vi Introduction
supervision. The chapters in this book are the products of this amazing
collaboration.
Throughout the development of this content, research was funded by National
Science Foundation, Oregon BEST, Bonneville Power Administration, Energy
TrustofOregon,andMillerFoundation.
Theresultingchaptersweregroupedintothreeparts:
PartITechnologyAssessment
PartIITechnologyForecasting
PartIIICasesinTechnologyManagement
Thefollowingsectionswillintroducetheseparts.
Technology Assessment
Intoday’s dynamictechnology-drivenworld,technology assessment isoneofthe
mostimportantproblems.Everyorganization,especiallyinhigh-techindustry,will
comeacrossanewtechnologythatmayormaynotbringagreatimprovementon
thecurrentproductperformances,qualities,etc.Inordertoadoptthisnewtechnol-
ogy,companyneedstopossessacapabilityofassessingthesenewtechnologiesand
choosetheonethatmightaugmentacompany’scompetitiveadvantage.Havinga
poortechnologyassessmentcapabilitywillcausefatallosses.
Daim and Kocaoglu [1, 2] reviewed what kind of technology acquisition and
evaluation strategies that the US electronics manufacturing companies use and
foundthatthestrategychoiceisdependentontheirgoals.
TranandDaim[3]providedaverygoodreviewofthetechnologyassessment.
Oneofthetechnologyassessmentmethodologiesthathasbeenusedmanytimes
because of its strength and flexibility is Hierarchical Decision Model (HDM). It
determines the mission, assesses multiple objectives, measures the goals,
determines the strategies, and executes the right actions. HDM measures the
attributesofthetechnologywithmultiplecriteria.HDMisatoolthathelpsdecision
makers quantify and incorporate quantitative and qualitative judgments into a
complex problem. It has been applied in a wide range of applications in different
fieldsforthelast25years.
A few recent applications include energy efficiency program planning [4],
energy storage technologies [5, 6], energy efficient device adoption [7], selection
of renewable energy technologies [8, 9], site selection for a data center [10],
selectionofITtechnologies[11],andworkforceplanning[12].
TheunderlyingprincipleofHDMisdecomposingproblemsintohierarchies.It
isacomprehensive,logical,andstructuredframework thatrequiresthesubjective
judgments of the experts to obtain weights for the criteria. Pairwise comparisons
among criteria are the key step in the HDM to acquire the priority weights or
relative importance of values for each criterion in the hierarchy. The pairwise
comparison method compares two criteria at a time and their relationship to each
Introduction vii
other.Theprocessmakestheexpertsmorecomfortablebecausetheirdecisionsare
basedontherelativepreferenceofonecriterionoveranotherratherthananabsolute
preference.Theresultsofthepairwisecomparisonsfromtheexpertscanbeverified
bycheckingtheconsistencyoftheevaluations.
There are five chapters in this section. Chapter 1 is an application from the
automotivesectorwhereprojectsforinnovationareassessed.Chapter2providesan
applicationfrom thefinancial sector where mobilebankingadoptionisevaluated.
Chapter3focusesonsoftware sector andprovides anassessmentmethod for new
tool selction. Chapter 4 brings transportation and retail sectors together, where a
model for a retailer assesses electric vehicle charging stations. Finally, Chap. 5
introducesamodeltoevaluateheatpumpwaterheatertechnologies.
Technology Forecasting
Bothsocietyandtechnologyhavebeenevolvingfasterthaneverforthelastthree
decades owing to information technologies and convergence of multiple
disciplines. The fast innovation with social media and accessibility to emerging
ideasopensanewwayforpeopletocreateandsharevalue.Asaresult,companies
are challenged to be more agile and intelligent responding to radically changing
needsinmarketandnewgameruleswithabruptlyappearingunknowncompetitors.
Intellectualcapabilityofunderstandingthesechangesandincorporatingtheminto
business and technology strategies in time is an essential competency for a com-
panytothriveinthisera.
Technologyforecastingprovidesaframeworkandtoolstoreadthecurrentand
futuretrendsoftechnologiesreflectingpeople’sdesiresandwantsforfuturesociety
and products. The second part of the book introduces the technology forecasting
frameworkandtoolsanddemonstratesintelligentbusinessandtechnologystrategy
developmentwithforecastedtrendinformation.
There are several methods available for technology forecasting ranging from
growth curves (also known as S curves), scenarios, technology mining, and tech-
nology roadmaps. Many recent applications integrate these tools. Cho and Daim
[13]integratedtechnologyminingandgrowthcurvestoforecastTVtechnologies.
Hansen et al. [14] integrated scenarios and technology roadmaps to forecast rail
automation. Daim et al. [15] integrated bibliometrics and patent analysis with
growthcurves.
Othermethodsincludereversesalient[16],dataenvelopmentanalysis[17,18],
bibliometrics[19],technologyroadmapping[20],andregressionanalysis[21].
Thissectionhasfivechapters.Chapter6discussesforecastingandunderstanding
futuremarketandsocietycausedby3Dprintingtechnologyimpactingonmultiple
industriesandbehaviorofbothcustomersandmanufacturers.Scenarioanalysisis
appliedtodescribenegativeandpositiveaspectsof3Dtechnologyfromthesocial
andtechnicalviews.Chapter7usespatentanalysisandcustomers’voiceanalysesto
evaluate cleaning robots trying to find answers to the questions why the current
products cannot meet consumers’ expectation and how much improvement is
viii Introduction
needed.Electricvehicles(EVs)aregettingmoreattentionfromthepublicmorethan
100 years after their first introduction. Diffusion of EVs is expected to impact on
people’slifestyleandenergyindustry.Chapter8usesscenarioanalysistoevaluate
this technology Chap. 9 evaluates the diffusion of Radio Frequency Identification
(RFID) technology in healthcare industry. Even though RFID has been applied
successfullyinvarioussectorslikeretail,manufacturing,etc.,theadoptionpattern
in hospitals differs because of factors like hospital application, risk, privacy, and
security. Finally, Chap. 10 applies the Bass model to forecastthe viability of thin
film solar photovoltaic (PV) Systems. Solar PV technologies are one of emerging
areaswhereindustries,academies,andgovernmentputenormouseffortson.
Technology Management
This section covers cases demonstrating effective tools in managing technology.
There are five chapters. Chapter 11 examines the application of 3D printing in the
health sector. The chapter uses SWOT analysis and bibliometrics for the analysis.
Bibliometricsisatypeoftechnologyminingandisusedtobothassessandforecast
technologies[22].SWOTstandsforstrengths,weaknesses,opportunities,andthreats.
Itisusedforstrategicplanning.Chapter12usesSWOTandtechnologyroadmapping
toanalyzeFacebook.Technologyroadmapsprovideapathfortechnology,product,
andpolicyactionstoreachsetgoals[23–27].Chapter13reviewsemergingmodelsfor
innovationandnewproductdevelopment[28,29].Chapter14presentsananalysisof
qualitycontrolincentives.Qualitymanagementisanimportantaspectofmanaging
technology[30].Finally,Chap.15evaluatesInternetoftechnologiesenablingasmart
cityusingmulti-perspectiveanalysesdiscussedinPartI.
Overall,thisbookprovidesagoodlistoftoolsandreferenceforengineeringand
technologymanagersinresearchanddevelopmentorganizations.
References
1. DaimT,KocaogluD(2008)Howdoengineeringmanagersevaluatetechnologiesforacqui-
sition?AReviewoftheelectronicsindustry.EngManageJ20(3):19–30
2. DaimT,KocaogluD(2008)ExploringtechnologyacquisitioninOregon,Turkeyandinthe
U.S.electronicsmanufacturingcompanies.JHighTechnolManageRes19(1):45–58
3. Tran T, Daim T (2008) A taxonomic review of methods and tools applied in technology
assessment.TechnolForecastSocChange75(9):1396–1405
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electricutilities:caseofNorthwestU.S.SustainEnergyTechnolAssess15:42–59
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Introduction ix
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acaseofPakistan.EnergySustainDev15(4):420–435
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fisher-prydiffusionmodel.Foresight18(2):117–137
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(2):131–155
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