Reproductive Technologies in Farm Animals

347 Pages·2004·3.96 MB·English

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Reproductive Technologies in Farm Animals
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Reproductive Technologies in
Farm Animals
Ian Gordon
Professor Emeritus
Department of Animal Science and Production
University College Dublin
Ireland
CABI Publishing
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CABIPublishing is a division of CAB International
CABIPublishing CABIPublishing
CAB International 875 Massachusetts Avenue
Wallingford 7th Floor
Oxfordshire OX10 8DE Cambridge, MA 02139
UK USA
Tel: [phone] Tel: [phone]
Fax: [phone] Fax: [phone]
E-mail:[email protected] E-mail:[email protected]
Website: www.cabi-publishing.org
©I.R. Gordon 2004. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be
reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically,
by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission
of the copyright owners.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Gordon, Ian R.
Reproductive Technologies in Farm Animals / Ian R. Gordon.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references (p. ).
ISBN 0-85199-862-3 (alk. paper)
1. Livestock--Reproduction. 2. Livestock--Breeding. I. Title.
SF871.G67 2005
′
636.0824--dc22
2004004673
ISBN 0 85199 862 3
Typeset by AMADataSetLtd, UK.
Printed and bound in the UK byCromwellPress,Trowbridge.
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Contents
Preface xii
Acknowledgements xiv
1 Introduction 1
1.1. The Changing Agricultural Scene 1
1.1.1. Species under consideration 2
1.1.2. Consumer, social and ethical issues 7
1.1.3. Human health considerations 8
1.1.4. Organic livestock farming 9
1.2. Animal Welfare Considerations 11
1.2.1. Education and training 11
1.2.2. Grazing and non-grazing animals 12
1.2.3. Biological measures of animal welfare 13
1.2.4. Animal welfare and the consumer 14
1.2.5. Modification of management practices 14
1.2.6. Altering animal temperament 15
1.2.7. Stress and slaughter 15
1.3. Current Application of Reproductive Technologies 16
1.3.1. General considerations 16
1.3.2. Dairy and beef cattle 17
1.3.3. Sheep and goats 18
1.3.4. Pigs 21
1.3.5. Horses 23
1.3.6. Buffaloes and yaks 24
1.3.7.Camelids 26
1.3.8. Deer 27
1.3.9. Poultry 28
1.4. Factors Affecting Male Fertility 28
1.4.1. Sperm production 29
1.4.2. Physiological andendocrinologicalfactors 30
1.4.3. Genetic and environmental factors 32
1.4.4. Tests for predicting breeding potential of males 32
1.5. Factors Affecting Female Fertility 33
1.5.1. Embryo mortality 33
v
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vi Contents
1.5.2. Genetic and environmental factors 35
1.5.3. Management and nutritional considerations 39
1.5.4. Disease and metabolic disorders 41
1.6. Enhancing Female Fertility 42
1.6.1. Nutritional approaches to enhanced fertility 42
1.6.2. Hormones to enhance fertility 43
1.6.3.Trophoblasticvesicles 46
1.7. The Years Ahead 46
1.7.1. New opportunities and fresh challenges 46
1.7.2. Maternal recognition of pregnancy 47
1.7.3. Nutrition and reproduction 48
2 Artificial Insemination 49
2.1. Advantages of Artificial Insemination 51
2.1.1. Cattle and buffaloes 51
2.1.2. Sheep and goats 53
2.1.3. Pigs 55
2.1.4. Horses 56
2.1.5. Poultry 58
2.1.6. Deer andcamelids 59
2.2. Growth and Development of AI Technology 60
2.2.1. Natural matings 60
2.2.2. Collection and processing of semen 62
2.2.3. Storage andcryopreservationof semen 66
2.2.4. Insemination procedures 70
2.2.5. Do-it-yourself insemination (DIY-AI) 74
2.2.6. Measuring effectiveness of AI 75
2.3. Semen-sexing Technology 75
2.3.1. Factors influencing the sex ratio 76
2.3.2. Sorting technology 77
2.3.3. Advantages of sex control 78
2.3.4. Problems and prospects in semen sexing 79
2.4. Future Developments in AI Technology 79
2.4.1. Sperm survival at ambient temperature 79
2.4.2. Sperm encapsulation 80
2.4.3.Cryopreservationand freeze-drying of sperm 80
2.4.4.In vitrospermatogenesis 81
3 Embryo Transfer 82
3.1. Advantages of Embryo Transfer 82
3.1.1. Cattle and buffaloes 82
3.1.2. Sheep and goats 85
3.1.3. Pigs and horses 86
3.1.4. Deer andcamelids 89
3.2. Growth and Development of Embryo Transfer Technology 89
3.2.1. Historical 89
3.2.2.Superovulationtechniques 90
3.2.3. Embryo recovery and evaluation 95
3.2.4.In vitroculture andcryopreservationof embryos 98
3.2.5. Donor–recipient synchrony 102
3.2.6. Non-surgical embryo transfer procedures 103
3.2.7. Selection and management of recipients 103
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Contents vii
3.3. Practical Applications of Embryo Transfer 104
3.3.1. Embryo transfer and breeding improvement 104
3.3.2. Embryo transfer and gender preselection 105
3.3.3. Genetic preservation of endangered breeds 105
3.4. Future Developments 107
3.4.1. Embryo transfer as a research tool 107
4 In VitroEmbryo Production 108
4.1. Advantages ofIn Vitro-produced Embryos 108
4.1.1. General considerations 108
4.1.2. Cattle and buffaloes 109
4.1.3. Sheep and goats 110
4.1.4. Pigs and horses 112
4.1.5. Deer 114
4.2. Growth and Development of Technology 114
4.2.1. Historical 114
4.2.2. Abattoir materials 115
4.2.3. Ovum pick-up (OPU) technique 115
4.2.4. Evaluation and maturation of the oocyte 118
4.2.5. Sperm preparation andin vitrofertilization (IVF) 124
4.2.6. Other fertilization approaches 128
4.2.7.In vitroembryo culture 129
4.2.8.Cryopreservationof embryos andoocytes 131
4.2.9. Evaluating embryo quality 132
4.2.10. Pregnancy rates with fresh and frozenIVPembryos 132
4.3.IVPEmbryos in Commerce and in Research 133
4.3.1. Current production statistics 133
4.3.2.In vitro- vs.in vivo-produced embryos 133
4.3.3. Large-offspring syndrome (LOS) 134
4.4. Future Developments 136
4.4.1.Oocytesfrompre-antralfollicles 136
4.4.2. Gene expression studies 137
4.4.3. Development ofmicrofluidictechnology 138
5 Controlling Oestrus and Ovulation 140
5.1. Oestrus and Its Detection 140
5.1.1. Need for accurate oestrus detection 141
5.1.2. Oestrus detection rates 142
5.1.3. Aids to detection 144
5.1.4. Measures of genuine oestrus status 145
5.1.5. Future developments in oestrus detection technology 145
5.2. TheOestrousCycle 145
5.2.1. Physiology and endocrinology of theoestrouscycle 145
5.2.2. Monitoring ovarian activity 149
5.2.3. Follicular dynamics 149
5.2.4. Growth and regression of the corpus luteum 152
5.3. Advantages of Oestrus Control 154
5.3.1. Cattle and buffaloes 154
5.3.2. Sheep and goats 155
5.3.3. Pigs and horses 155
5.3.4.Camelids 156
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viii Contents
5.4. Growth and Development of Oestrus Control Technology 156
5.4.1. Historical 156
5.4.2. Fertility at the controlled oestrus 157
5.4.3. Accurate control of ovulation 158
5.5. Practical Applications of Technology 158
5.5.1. Control measures currently available 159
5.5.2. Oestrus synchronization and resynchronization 161
5.5.3. Cost–benefit calculations 162
5.5.4. Animal handling considerations 163
6 Control ofPost-partumOvarian Activity 164
6.1. Factors InfluencingPost-partumOvarian Activity 164
6.1.1. Cattle and buffaloes 164
6.1.2. Sheep and goats 167
6.1.3. Pigs 168
6.1.4. Horses 169
6.2. Development of Control Measures 169
6.2.1. Physiology and endocrinology of thepost-partumanimal 169
6.2.2. Strategies for inducing resumption of ovarian activity 172
6.2.3. Assessing nutritional status of animals 174
6.3.4. Current treatment protocols 174
7 Control of Seasonal Breeding 178
7.1. Advantages of Control Measures 178
7.1.1. Factors affecting seasonal breeding 178
7.1.2. Sheep and goats 178
7.1.3. Horses 181
7.1.4. Deer 182
7.1.5. Buffaloes andcamelids 183
7.1.6. Poultry 184
7.2. Breeding and Non-breeding Seasons 184
7.2.1. Short- and long-day breeders 184
7.2.2. Physiology and endocrinology of seasonal breeding activity 184
7.2.3. Environmental and genetic factors 186
7.3. Development and Application of Control Measures 189
7.3.1. Practical applications of technology 189
7.3.2. Animal management 189
7.3.3. Melatonin treatment 190
7.3.4. Light control in rams and stallions 192
7.3.5. Use of progestogen–PMSGtreatments 193
8 Controlling Multiple Births and Litter Size 195
8.1. Advantages of Control Measures 196
8.1.1. Sheep and cattle 196
8.1.2. Pigs 197
8.1.3. Horses 198
8.2. Development of Control Measures 198
8.2.1. Historical 198
8.2.2. Physiology and endocrinology of multiple ovulations 199
8.2.3. Nutritional and environmental factors 201
8.2.4. Genetic factors 202
8.2.5. Use ofgonadotrophins 204
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Contents ix
8.2.6. Immunization approach 205
8.2.7. Embryo transfer 207
8.2.8. Litters and neonatal mortality 208
8.2.9. Animal welfare considerations 213
9 Pregnancy Testing Technology 215
9.1. Advantages of Control Measures 215
9.1.1. Cattle and buffaloes 215
9.1.2. Sheep and goats 216
9.1.3. Pigs and horses 216
9.1.4. Deer 217
9.2. Factors Affecting Establishment of Pregnancy 217
9.2.1. Physiology and endocrinology of early pregnancy 217
9.2.2. Nutritional and environmental influences 221
9.2.3. Maternal recognition of pregnancy 222
9.3. Pregnancy Testing Methods 224
9.3.1. Palpationper rectum 224
9.3.2. Progesterone and oestrogen assays 225
9.3.3.Faecaltesting 228
9.3.4. Predicting litter size 229
9.3.5. Use ofultrasonics 230
9.3.6. Early dipstick tests 233
9.3.7. Other approaches 234
10 Controlling Parturition 236
10.1. Advantages of Control Measures 236
10.1.1. Pigs 236
10.1.2. Cattle and sheep 236
10.1.3. Horses 237
10.2. Development of Parturition Control Measures 238
10.2.1. Physiology and endocrinology of late pregnancy and parturition 238
10.2.2. Nutritional influences 240
10.2.3. Factors influencing gestation length 241
10.2.4. Predicting the onset of parturition 244
10.2.5. Physiology and endocrinology of parturition 244
10.2.6.Periparturitionalevents 247
10.2.7. Induction agents 249
10.2.8. Delaying parturition 253
10.2.9. Terminating pregnancy 253
11 Controlling Onset of Puberty 255
11.1. Practical Implications of Early Puberty 255
11.1.1. Cattle 255
11.1.2. Sheep 257
11.1.3. Pigs 258
11.1.4. Horses 259
11.2. Development of Puberty Control Measures 259
11.2.1. Physiology and endocrinology of puberty in farm mammals 259
11.2.2. Genetic and environmental factors 262
11.2.3. Defining pubertal status 264
11.2.4. Puberty and conception 265
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