Table Of ContentReproductive Medicine for Clinicians
Joseph G. Schenker · John J. Sciarra
Liselotte Mettler · Andrea R. Genazzani
Martin Birkhaeuser Editors
Reproductive
Medicine for
Clinical Practice
Medical and Surgical Aspects
Reproductive Medicine for Clinicians
Series Editors
Joseph G. Schenker
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Israel
John J. Sciarra
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Northwestern Medical Faculty Foundation
Chicago
USA
Liselotte Mettler
Obstetrics & Gynaecology, House 24
University Hospital Schleswig-Holst
Kiel
Germany
Andrea R. Genazzani
International Society of Gynecological
Endocrinology
Pisa
Italy
Martin Birkhaeuser
Professor emeritus of Gynaecological
Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine
University of Bern
Bern
Switzerland
This series will focuses on and presents developments in knowledge and practice
within all aspects of reproductive medicine.
It will help to cover the important gap between the new possibilities offered by the
most recent investigations and technical developments and the application in clinical
practice.
The series will be a useful tool for professionals and practitioners in the fields of
Gynecology, Obstetrics, and Human Reproduction. Trainees interested in the most
complete information on the developments of reproductive medicine will benefit as
well.
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15751
Joseph G. Schenker
John J. Sciarra • Liselotte Mettler
Andrea R. Genazzani • Martin Birkhaeuser
Editors
Reproductive Medicine for
Clinical Practice
Medical and Surgical Aspects
Editors
Joseph G. Schenker John J. Sciarra
Department Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Hadassah Medical Center Northwestern Medical Faculty Foundation
Jerusalem Chicago
Israel USA
Liselotte Mettler Andrea R. Genazzani
Obstetrics and Gynaecology International Society of Gynecological
University Hospital Schleswig-Holst Endocrinology
Kiel Pisa
Germany Italy
Martin Birkhaeuser
Professor emeritus of Gynaecological
Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine
University of Bern
Bern
Switzerland
ISSN 2523-3599 ISSN 2523-3602 (electronic)
Reproductive Medicine for Clinicians
ISBN 978-3-319-78008-5 ISBN 978-3-319-78009-2 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78009-2
Library of Congress Control Number: 2018950442
© IAHR (International Academy of Human Reproduction) 2018
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Foreword
This first volume of the series of the International Academy of Human Reproduction
focuses on new aspects of reproductive medicine, from the professional responsibil-
ity model of ethics to the areas of high clinical involvement in human reproduction,
such as endometriosis, polycystic ovary, family planning, and postcoital
contraception.
The book discusses fertility and assisted reproductive techniques in the context
of genetics and epigenetics as well as psychosomatic and longevity aspects. In addi-
tion, it presents new technologies and therapeutic strategies to improve IVF results
and prevent ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS), as well as the new chal-
lenges and the future of imaging in reproduction. Menopause and the effects of
estrogens on atherosclerosis prevention and mood and more generally the reproduc-
tive hormones’ impact on dementia and healthy aging are also covered. Further, it
includes a section devoted to innovative aspects of gynecological surgery, discuss-
ing the treatments of vaginal aplasia, reproductive microsurgery, and technological
breakthroughs in pelvic organ prolapse surgery. Last but not least, it examines the
syndromic aspects of preterm birth.
This volume is a useful and comprehensive tool for gynecologists, obstetricians,
endocrinologists, and all specialists who deal with women’s reproductive health.
Jerusalem, Israel Joseph G. Schenker
v
Series Preface
The issue introduces a new series book Reproductive Medicine for Clinicians pub-
lished on behalf of the International Academy of Human Reproduction.
The main objectives of the academy are to extend the knowledge in all aspects of
human reproduction, to encourage clinical experience and promote scientific
thoughts and investigation, and to consider the ethical and social implications of the
current practice of human reproduction. The fellows of the academy are elected
based on their significant contribution to the field and must be acknowledged as
world leaders in the discipline.
The Reproductive Medicine for Clinicians book series will cover the clinical
science and medical aspects of reproductive physiology, pathology, and endocrinol-
ogy, including andrology, gonad function, gametogenesis, fertilization, embryo
development, implantation, early pregnancy, genetics, genetic diagnosis, oncology,
infectious disease, surgery, contraception, infertility treatment, psychology, ethics,
and social issues. This series focuses on and presents developments in knowledge
and practice within all aspects of reproductive medicine. The contents include origi-
nal articles, reviews, and views.
It will help to cover the important gap between the new possibilities offered by
the most recent investigations and technical developments and the application in
clinical practice.
The series will be a useful tool for professionals and practitioners in the fields of
gynecology, obstetrics, and human reproduction. Trainees interested in the most
complete information on the developments of reproductive medicine will benefit as
well.
The books will maintain the highest clinical and scientific standards in these mat-
ters under the guidance of active editorial board.
The Reproductive Medicine for Clinicians book series will be published twice
per year.
On behalf of the International Academy of Human Reproduction (IAHR), I trust
you will support to sustain a high-quality book series devoted to human
reproduction.
Jerusalem, Israel Joseph G. Schenker
vii
Preface
Human reproductive medicine deals with the prevention, diagnosis, and manage-
ment of reproductive problems.
Many advances in this field have come about mainly as a result of discoveries by
scientists working in completely different fields, such as physiology, biochemistry,
endocrinology, immunology, genetics, and the pathology of reproduction in both
human and other animal species.
Reproductive medicine addresses medical conditions related to puberty, infertil-
ity, contraception, family planning, menopause, fertility preservation, and sexual
dysfunction.
Advances in human reproductive medicine were not only scientifically important
but also significant steps in female empowerment.
Sellman Aschheim and Bernard Zondek developed the “Pregnancy test,” a major
product of reproductive endocrinology. Invented in Berlin in 1927, it launched the
modern era of obstetric knowledge, allowing women to know if they are pregnant in
the early stages of gestation.
The introduction of “The Pill” allowed for the separation of sex and procreation
and as such gave women more control over their bodies and improved the well-
being of single women as well as those in marriages or relationships. The develop-
ment of medical contraceptive technology created a shift in the balance of power
between men and women by affecting fertility decision rights.
Global data in 2010 showed that 1.9% of women aged 20–44 suffered from pri-
mary infertility and 10.5% from secondary infertility. Infertility is a central issue in
the lives of the individuals who suffer from it. It is a source of social and psycho-
logical suffering for both men and women.
Since the birth of Louise Brown, the first child born as a result of in vitro fertil-
ization in 1978 (Edwards and Steptoe), IVF has become a routine and widely
accepted treatment for infertility. Since her birth, around eight million children have
been born worldwide as the result of assisted reproductive technologies (ART).
Assisted reproductive technology (ART) is defined as all treatments or proce-
dures that include the in vitro handling of both human oocytes and sperm, or of
embryos, for the purpose of establishing a pregnancy. This includes, but is not lim-
ited to, in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer, gamete intrafallopian transfer,
zygote intrafallopian transfer, tubal embryo transfer, gamete and embryo cryo-
preservation, oocyte and embryo donation, and gestational surrogacy.
ix
x Preface
Assisted reproductive technology brings about a complete separation of repro-
duction from sex. It opens up new possibilities for reproduction without sex, some
of which give rise to important ethical, legal, religious, and social questions.
The International Academy of Human Reproduction (IAHR) has decided to pub-
lish a series entitled Reproductive Medicine for Clinical Practice.
The objectives of the academy are (1) to extend the knowledge in all aspects of
human reproduction, fertility and infertility, and family planning, as well as popula-
tion affairs; (2) to encourage exchange of clinical experience and promotion of sci-
entific thought and investigation; and (3) to consider the ethical and social
implications of the current practice of human reproduction and reproductive
biology.
The members of the academy are selected from among applicants from the fields
of clinical medicine, medical education, medical and biological sciences, and other
fields related to reproductive health and medicine. Members are elected based on
their singular and significant contributions to the field and must be acknowledged as
world leaders in their discipline.
Starting in 1974 in Rio de Janeiro, the IAHR has held successful congress every
3 years in Europe, Asia, Africa, the Americas, and Australia. Our congress promotes
excellence in reproduction and aims to bridge the gap between the expansion of
information and its implementation in clinical practice.
The series Reproductive Medicine for Clinical Practice, published by Springer,
will provide background to many areas of human reproduction and highlight the
issues of women’s health.
To facilitate this, the chapters will be written by acknowledged pioneers and
experts from each area of human reproduction.
The volumes of Reproductive Medicine for Clinical Practice will be of enor-
mous value to clinicians, scientists, all students of the biomedical sciences, and
other individuals interested in women’s health issues.
Jerusalem Israel Joseph G. Schenker
Chicago, IL John J. Sciarra
Kiel, Germany Liselotte Mettler
Pisa, Italy Andrea R. Genazzani
Bern, Switzerland Martin Birkhaeuser
Contents
1 The Professional Responsibility Model of Ethics in Obstetrics
and Gynecology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Frank A. Chervenak and Laurence B. McCullough
2 Human Reproduction: From State of the Art to Future
Developments “Endometriosis Therapeutic Approaches” . . . . . . . . . . 5
Liselotte Mettler and Ibrahim Alkatout
3 The Genetics of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: From Genome-Wide
Association to Molecular Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Jerome F. Strauss III, Bhavi P. Modi, and Janette M. McAllister
4 Psychosomatic Aspects of Infertility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Klimek Rudolf
5 Thyroid Diseases and Female Infertility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Petrache Vartej and Ioana Vartej
6 Fertility and Longevity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Neri Laufer
7 Improving IVF Results: How Far Can We Tamper
with Human Biology? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Pasquale Patrizio and Sherman Silber
8 Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS): Pathogenesis
and Prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Lina Dauod and Joseph G. Schenker
9 Future of Imaging in Human Reproduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Sanja Kupesic-Plavsic and Sushila Arya
10 New Challenges of Echography in Reproduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Sonal Panchal and Asim Kurjak
11 Present Role of Hormonal Contraception in Family Planning . . . . . . . 133
Giuseppe Benagiano, Carlo Bastianelli, Manuela Farris,
and Ivo Brosens
xi
