Reproductive Endocrinology: A Molecular Approach

351 Pages·2009·21.44 MB·English

by  Pedro J. Chedrese (auth.)

Reproductive Endocrinology
Pedro J. Chedrese
Editor
Reproductive Endocrinology
A Molecular Approach
123
Editor
PedroJ.Chedrese
DepartmentofBiology
CollegeofArtsandScience
UniversityofSaskatchewan
Saskatoon,Saskatchewan
Canada
[email protected]
ISBN978-0-387-88185-0 e-ISBN978-0-387-88186-7
DOI10.1007/978-0-387-88186-7
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2008935613
(cid:2)c SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC2009
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Almostallaspectsoflifeareorganizedatthemolecularlevel,andifwedo
notunderstandmolecules,ourcomprehensionoflifewillbeveryincomplete
FrancisCrick
Preface
Molecularbiologyisarelativelynewsciencethatemergedfromtheadvancesinbiochemistry
ofthe1940sand1950s,whenthestructureofthenucleicacidsandproteinswereelucidated.
With progress in the 1970s in nucleic acid enzymology and the discovery of the restriction
enzymes,thetoolsofmolecularbiologybecamewidelyavailableandwereappliedtocellbiol-
ogytostudyhowgenesareregulated.Thisnewknowledgeimpactedendocrinologyandrepro-
ductive biology, since it was largely known that the secretion of the internal glands affected
phenotypes,andthereforeexpressionofgenes.In1982thefirsteditionof“MolecularCloning:
ALaboratoryManual,”(Maniatis,FritchandSambrook)waspublished,offeringresearchers
the first organized collection of protocols for molecular techniques. It was the application of
thesetechniquesbyendocrinologiststhatgavebirthtomolecularendocrinology.Fromthenon,
theuseofthesemoderntoolsnotonlyshedlightonfundamentalquestionsinendocrinology
and reproductive biology, but also has become central to scientific studies in all living mat-
ter,impactingdisciplinessuchashumanandveterinarymedicineandrelatedhealthsciences,
includinganimal,agricultureandenvironmentalsciences.Thus,modernreproductivebiology
encompasseseverylevelofbiologicalstudyfromgenomicstoecology,takinginagreatdeal
of cell biology, biochemistry, endocrinology and general physiology. All of these disciplines
requireabasicknowledge,bothasatoolandasessentialaidtofundamentalunderstandingthe
principlesoflifeinhealthanddisease.
Graduatestudentsenterintoreproductive biologyprogramswithveryvariedbackgrounds
and in many cases their knowledge requires updates to allow them to appreciate the full
potential of the field. This is particularly true for the students with professional degrees
because the need to concentrate on information that often leads to the conclusion that
molecular biology isalltooesoteric. Hence thepurpose of thisbook istoservetheneeds of
students and professionals to encourage them to integrate the extensive knowledge that they
alreadyhavewithafieldthattheyoftenfindoff-puttingbecauseofitsunfamiliarconceptsand
terminology. In this book, the basic biochemistry of nucleic acids and proteins are reviewed.
Methodologies used to study signaling and gene regulation in the endocrine/reproductive
systemarealsodiscussed.Topicsincludethebasisandtoolsofmolecularbiologyregulation
of reproductive hormones, organs and tissues, and several endocrine disorders affecting the
reproductive system. We believe that graduate students and professionals in the medical,
veterinary and animal sciences fields willfind this book an exciting and stimulating material
thatwillenhancethebreadthandqualityofresearch.
Saskatoon,SK PedroJ.Chedrese
vii
Acknowledgments
My warm thanks to Christine Meaden and Victoria Fachal for their friendship, constant sup-
port, help and editing skills. Special acknowledgement to Dr. Mike Henson, Dr. Loro Kujjo,
Dr. Holly LaVoie, Dr. Tracy Marchant, Dr. Gloria Perez and Dr. Martina Piasek who collab-
orated with great enthusiasm. Thanks for your friendship and for sharing your scholarship
and advice. As always when last minute glitches come up there are special people in the
wings who are willing to lend a hand. I am grateful to Dr. Charles Blake for his help and
Dr. Abraham Kierszenbaum who graciously in very short time contributed a key chapter to
thisbook.GratitudeisexpressedtoDr.BruceD.Murphyforhissupportandmentorship.
ix
Contents
PartI TheBasisforMolecularReproductiveBiology
1 IntroductiontotheMolecularOrganizationoftheEndocrine/ReproductiveSystem...................... 3
PedroJ.Chedrese
2 ExtracellularSignalingReceptors.................................................................. 13
PedroJ.ChedreseandStellaM.Celuch
3 TheMoleculesThatTransmitInformationintotheCell:TheIntracellularSignalingPathways ........... 23
PedroJ.ChedreseandAlejandroM.Bertorello
4 IntroductiontoMolecularBiology:StructureandFunctionoftheMacromolecules
ofGeneticInformation............................................................................ 41
PedroJ.Chedrese
5 RegulationofGeneExpression .................................................................... 51
PedroJ.Chedrese
6 MolecularBasisofAbnormalPhenotype............................................................ 67
PedroJ.ChedreseandChristineMeaden
PartII TheToolsofMolecularReproductiveBiology
7 RecombinantDNATechnology .................................................................... 75
PedroJ.Chedrese
8 TechniquesforDNAAnalysis...................................................................... 83
JavierS.CastresanaandPaulaLa´zcoz
9 AnalyzingGeneExpression ....................................................................... 97
HollyA.LaVoieandPedroJ.Chedrese
10 DNAMicroarrayAnalysis......................................................................... 105
GheorgheT.Braileanu
11 ComputerAssistedAnalysisofGenes............................................................... 113
M.VictoriaFachalandMichaelFurlan
12 IntroductiontoGeneTherapy ..................................................................... 119
AymanAl-HendyandSalamaA.Salama
xi
xii Contents
PartIII MolecularRegulationofReproductiveHormones
13 GnRH-GnRH-ReceptorSystemintheMammalianFemaleReproductiveTract ......................... 131
IndrajitChowdhuryandRajagopalaSridaran
14 FSH:OneHormonewithMultipleForms,oraFamilyofMultipleHormones ........................... 145
TimG.RozellandRenaJ.Okrainetz
15 TheFSHReceptor:OneReceptorwithMultipleFormsoraFamilyofReceptors........................ 161
TimG.Rozell,YonghaiLiand LisaC.Freeman
16 RegulationoftheEarlyStepsinGonadalSteroidogenesis............................................. 175
StevenR.KingandHollyA.LaVoie
17 ProstaglandinsandTheirMechanismsofActionintheCyclicOvary................................... 195
JorgeA.FloresandChristyBarlund
18 Androgens—MolecularBasisandRelatedDisorders ................................................. 205
ChristineMeadenandPedroJ.Chedrese
19 LeptinasaReproductiveHormone................................................................. 215
MichaelC.HensonandV.DanielCastracane
20 NeurosteroidsandSexualBehaviorandReproduction................................................ 229
StevenR.King
PartIV MolecularRegulationoftheReproductiveOrgansandTissues
21 AutocrineandParacrineRegulationoftheOvary.................................................... 241
MartaTesone,DalhiaAbramovich,GriseldaIrusta,andFernandaParborell
22 OvarianEndocrineActivity:RoleofFollistatin,Activin,andInhibin................................... 249
StellaCampo,NazarethLoreti,andLuzAndreone
23 HormonalandMolecularRegulationoftheCytochromeP450AromataseGeneExpression
intheOvary ..................................................................................... 257
CarlosStocco
24 EpigeneticMechanismsofOvarianGeneRegulation ................................................. 271
HollyA.LaVoie
25 OvarianFunctionandFailure:TheRoleoftheOocyteandItsMolecules............................... 281
LoroL.KujjoandGloriaI.Perez
26 MolecularControlofCorpusLuteumFunction...................................................... 291
CarlosStocco
27 TheMolecularLandscapeofSpermatogonialStemCellRenewal,MeioticSexChromosomeInactivation,
andSpermaticHeadShaping...................................................................... 313
LauraL.TresandAbrahamL.Kierszenbaum
Contents xiii
AppendixA GlossaryofMolecularTerm ............................................................... 323
AppendixB GlossaryofTermsandAcronyms........................................................... 333
Index ............................................................................................... 347