Table Of ContentReproducing Dairy: Embodied Animals and the Institution of Animal Agriculture
Kathryn A. Gillespie
A dissertation
submitted in partial fulfillment of the
partial requirements for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy
2014
Reading Committee:
Michael Brown, Chair
Victoria Lawson
Lucy Jarosz
María Elena García
Program Authorized to Offer Degree:
Geography
© Copyright 2014
Kathryn A Gillespie
University of Washington
Abstract
Reproducing Dairy: Embodied animals and the institution of animal agriculture
Kathryn A. Gillespie
Chair of the Supervisory Committee:
Professor Michael Brown
Department of Geography
This text draws on the United States dairy industry as a case study to understand how
the institution of animal agriculture is continually reproduced through a repressive
political climate, through routine agricultural practices, and through teaching new
generations of young people to farm. Framed by the global intimate, I argue that we can
learn much about human-animal relations by attending to the relationship between the
individual, intimate animal, and global economic processes of commodification. I argue
that bovine animals in the dairy industry are subject to a gendered commodification of
their bodies based on their sex at birth and that routine practices and industry
discourses reveal the violence against these bodies. The conditions under which animals
are raised for food in the U.S. are determined by a political climate where animals’ legal
protections are lax and efficient and scholars, activists and consumers are barred from
accessing information about the conditions under which animals are raised and
slaughtered. Paired with this political climate, powerful educational institutions work
to normalize the current institution of animal agriculture through educating young
people in ‘proper’ human-animal relations. Telling the stories of individual animals and
humans throughout the text, I draw attention to the grievability of animals’ lives and
deaths in the food system in an act of making the personal – the intimate – political.
Preface
This dissertation is an original intellectual product of the author, Kathryn A. Gillespie.
The work presented in this dissertation has, thus far, led to the following publications:
Gillespie, Kathryn. 2014. Sexualized violence and the gendered commodification of the
animal body in Pacific Northwestern US dairy production. Gender, Place and Culture.
Work appears in Chapters 4, 5, and 8.
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Table of Contents
Preface .............................................................................................................................. iv
Table of Contents ............................................................................................................ v
List of Figures ................................................................................................................ vii
Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................... ix
Chapter 1. Introduction. Sophie: Centering the Individual Animal .........................1
PART 1. A Politics of Law and (In)access ...................................................................59
Chapter 2. A ‘Downer’ Cow and Amy Meyer: Access-limiting
Agricultural Policies .......................................................................................................59
Chapter 3. The Cow with Sticker #743: Animal Welfare Laws in Action ..............72
PART 2. Gendered Commodification and Sexualized Violence:
Appropriating Animal Lives and Bodies ....................................................................85
Chapter 4. The Heifer with Ear Tag #6490: Of Calves, Milk and Meat:
Commodifying the Female Body ..................................................................................85
Chapter 5. The Bull with Ear Tag #7050: Of Semen and Meat:
Commodifying the Male Body ....................................................................................103
Chapter 6. The Calf with Ear Tag # 604: Of Veal and Dairy:
Transforming the Newborn Body ..............................................................................115
PART 3. Material and Discursive Places of Commodification ..............................142
Chapter 7. The Cow with Ear Tag #1389: Containment and Mobility
at the ‘Livestock’ Auction ............................................................................................142
Chapter 8. Betsy: Industry Discourses of Gendered Commodification
and Sexualized Violence at the World Dairy Expo ..................................................162
PART 4. Educational Paradigms of Human-Farmed Animal Relations ..............198
Chapter 9. Daisy and Daniel: Teaching Children to Farm .....................................198
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Chapter 10. A Cow, Her Calf, and Maggie Lake: Redefining Education in
Human-Farmed Animal Relations .............................................................................216
Chapter 11. Conclusion. A Steer at Auction: On Mourning ...................................237
References......................................................................................................................254
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List of figures
Figure1 Sophie at Animal Haven, California ...............................................................1
Figure 2 Differential bovine lifecourses by sex at birth in the dairy industry .......11
Figure 3 Gold’s Continuum ...........................................................................................39
Figure 4 Cow with sticker #743, Auction yard in California’s Central Valley ......72
Figure 5 Heifer with Ear Tags #6490 at Ansel Farm ..................................................85
Figure 6 Milking parlor with machines (one row) at Ansel Farm ...........................95
Figure 7 Milking demonstration at the Washington State Fair ................................95
Figure 8 Electro-ejaculator ...........................................................................................110
Figure 9 Calf hutches by Calf-Tel® ............................................................................128
Figure 10 Calf hutches by Calf-Tel® ..........................................................................128
Figure 11 Cow with docked tail at auction in California; selling for slaughter ...130
Figure 12 Newberry castrating knife .........................................................................133
Figure 13 Burdizzo/emasculatome (castration pliers) ............................................134
Figure 14 Horn growing back from incorrect dehorning .......................................136
Figure 15 Hot iron brand on hip of cow ....................................................................137
Figure 16 Front view of ear tags .................................................................................138
Figure 17 Rear view of ear tag ....................................................................................139
Figure 18 Hole in ear years after ear tag removal ....................................................139
Figure 19 Cows awaiting auction in outdoor holding pen, WA auction yard ....148
Figure 20 California auction yard layout ..................................................................150
Figure 21 Movement through auction yard #1 ........................................................151
Figure 22 Movement through auction yard #2 ........................................................152
Figure 23 Movement through auction yard #3 ........................................................153
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Figure 24 Bovi-Shield Ad #1 .......................................................................................179
Figure 25 Bovi-Shield Ad #2 .......................................................................................180
Figure 26 “Alexander” in Select Sires Catalog ........................................................185
Figure 27 “Sanchez” in Select Sires Catalog .............................................................186
Figure 28 “G.W. Atwood” in Select Sires Catalog ...................................................186
Figure 29 “Governor” in Select Sires Catalog ...........................................................189
Figure 30 “Arrival” in TAG Catalog .........................................................................190
Figure 31 “Sammy Semen” T-Shirt ............................................................................192
viii
Acknowledgements
To my bright and shining inspirations at UW and beyond: Stefano Bettani,
Andrew Childs, Katherine Cofell, Kristy Copeland, Annie Crane, Michelle Daigle,
Annie Dwyer, Moníca Farias, Jessica Garcia, Sara Gilbert, Elyse Gordon, Jesse
McClelland, Tamar Scoggin McKee (UBC), Will McKeithen, Skye Naslund, Lauren
O’Laughlin, Magie Ramirez.
To Sarah Elwood, your kindness, warmth and support made graduate school
livable. Joe Eckert, thank you for your earnestness, your kindness, and your amazing
help with conceptualizing the visuals in this text. Amy Piedalue, you have become a
dear friend, support and inspiration through this process. To Tish Lopez, for your
friendship, for your endless hours of conversation about this work, and for
accompanying me into places I did not want to go. To Rosemary-Claire Collard, my
intellectual comrade, your friendship is one of the best things to come out of this
process; thinking, laughing, and talking with you has taught me so much.
To the anonymized people who were interviewed for this work at the sanctuaries
and lone dairy farm, thank you so much for sharing your wisdom and knowledge and
making this project possible.
I have been wonderfully lucky to work with such an extraordinary committee of
brilliant scholars. María Elena García, you have been such an astounding support and
inspiration, not to mention a dear friend. The work you do and the intellectual
community you have created here are things for which I will always be grateful. Lucy
Jarosz, you have helped me so much to grow as a scholar and person, to ask the hard
questions, and to constantly refine and rethink my assumptions. Victoria Lawson, I
have learned so much from you about what it means to care as a scholar, activist, writer,
and person in the world; your support and friendship have meant the world to me. And
Michael Brown, an exceptional advisor and guide on this journey; you have met my
work on its own terms and pushed me to make it the best it can be. I have learned so
much from each of you.
To the members of my family who have been such incredible supports through
this emotionally difficult process of research and writing over the years: Anne Franks,
Peter Gillespie, and Lucy Gillespie: thank you all from the bottom of my heart. To Ruth
Saks and Chuck Sawyer, thank you both for your support here in Seattle. To the
nonhuman animals with whom I share my life: George, Charlotte and Emily; Abigail
and Eden; Saoirse and Lucy; and Maizy – your love and companionship have taught me
how to love in a whole new way. And to Eric Haberman, my partner and best friend,
you have lived this every day with me. You have made this all possible. Thank you.
Finally, to the animals and their ghosts who inhabit these pages, I am always in
your debt as some of my greatest teachers. Your labor, suffering, grief, and deaths are
not forgotten. You are grieved. May these pages and the things that grow from them
ease the plight of those who come after you.
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CHAPTER 1. Sophie
Introduction: Centering the Embodied Animal
Figure 1: Sophie at Animal Haven, California; Photo source: Gillespie, 2012
With rattlesnake guards wrapped around our feet and legs, Maggie Lake1 and I
tromped through the tall grass out into the field where the geriatric herd spent their
days. Maggie Lake was the education director for Animal Haven, a sanctuary for
formerly farmed animals in California. Several old cows and steers lounged in the field
in the June morning sun. We approached slowly – some of these animals had remained
wary of human strangers despite the fact that many had spent years at the sanctuary
learning to trust and love the sanctuary employees. Sophie and Emily lay in the tall
grass not far from one another. Sophie was a Holstein (with the characteristic black and
1 The names of humans and animals have been changed throughout this text where necessary to protect
the anonymity of the research subjects in accordance with requirements of the institutional ethics review
board at the University of Washington.
1
