Table Of ContentRepresenting Europeans
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Representing Europeans
A Pragmatic Approach
Richard Rose
University of Strathclyde, Glasgow
1
3
GreatClarendonStreet,Oxford,OX26DP,
UnitedKingdom
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Firsteditionpublishedin2013
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Contents
ListofTables vii
ListofFigures vii
ListofAbbreviations/acronyms viii
Introduction:TheEndofIntegrationbyStealth 1
I. TheNeedforPopularCommitment 3
II. ABridgeTooFar? 7
III. DiagnosisandPrescription 11
IV. PerspectiveoftheAuthor 14
1. TheEUSystem:AccountableUptoaPoint 17
I. WhatEUInstitutionsRepresent 19
II. HorizontalAccountabilityWithoutVerticalTrust 24
III. DecisionmakingbyConsensus 27
IV. ExplanationIsnotJustification 30
2. ForginganEverCloserUnion 35
I. TheForwardMarchofTreaties 37
II. TheDepthandBreadthofPolicies 43
III. DoEuropeansWantanEverCloserUnion? 48
3. AUnionofDiversePeoples 52
I. EnlargementAcrossaContinent 54
II. DifferentiatingMemberStates 58
III. MassReactionstoEuropeanization 61
4. CitizenshipLite 68
I. NationalGovernmentsPulledTwoWays 69
II. ConsultationwithOrganizedInterests 74
III. ReachingBelowMemberStates 78
IV. ConstitutinganEverCloserUnion? 81
5. Referendums—TooMuchParticipation? 84
I. CircumventingEurope’sCitizens 87
II. TheRealityofRisk:DozensofEUReferendums 90
III. WhoWantsaReferendum? 94
Contents
6. UnequalRepresentationintheEuropeanParliament 98
I. FromFigLeaftoParticipantinEUDecisionmaking 99
II. TurningProportionalRepresentationUpsideDown 102
III. AsymmetricalRepresentation 107
7. EuropeanParties:IntegrationBeforeRepresentation 114
I. AggregationinMulti-NationalPartyGroups 115
II. DifferentiatingPartyPolicies 118
III. WhatPartyGroupsRepresent 119
IV. ConsensusSupplantsRepresentation 123
8. Interdependence:HowPolicyChangesPolitics 128
I. InterdependencewithoutConsensus 131
II. TheGlobalizationofEurope 137
9. TheFutureofEurope:AnEverLooserUnion? 142
I. LimitstoCapacity 143
II. Co-operationwithoutUnanimity 149
III. BringinginEurope’sCitizens 153
FurtherReading 159
Endnotes 161
Index 165
vi
List of Tables
1.1 TrustanddistrustinEUinstitutions 26
2.1 WhatcountriespayandgetfromBrussels 48
3.1 Economy,population,andcorruption 59
5.1 ReferendumsonEuropeanintegration,1972–2012 92
7.1 CompositionofEPPartyGroups 117
7.2 PolicycoherenceofEPPartyGroups 121
8.1 InterdependenceofEuropeanstates 140
9.1 PotentialEUmemberstatesevaluated 148
List of Figures
2.1 HowtheEUspendsitsmoney 46
2.2 MedianEuropeanfavoursleavingEUasitis 50
3.1 NationalidentityandEuropeanidentity 65
3.2 SupportforEuropeanintegrationbyagegroups 67
4.1 Extentnationalgovernmentsrepresenttheirelectorates 72
5.1 ExclusionofEurope’scitizensbynationalreferendums 93
5.2 MEPsandcitizensdifferaboutEUintegration 97
6.1 InequalityinEPrepresentation,2009 103
6.2 Nationalturnoutatthe2009EPelection 109
6.3 Mostvotersdon’tagreewiththeirpartyonEUintegration 110
7.1 MisrepresentationwhenPeople’sPartyandSocialistscombine 126
List of Abbreviations/acronyms
ALDE AllianceofLiberalsandDemocratsforEurope
CoR CommitteeoftheRegions
COREPER CommitteeofPermanentRepresentatives
DG DirectorateGeneral
EBRD EuropeanBankforReconstructionandDevelopment
ECJ EuropeanCourtofJustice
ECB EuropeanCentralBank
ECSC EuropeanCoalandSteelCommunity
EEC EuropeanEconomicCommunity
EES EuropeanElectionStudy
EESC EuropeanEconomicandSocialCommittee
EFL EnglishasaForeignLanguage
EFTA EuropeanFreeTradeAssociation
EP EuropeanParliament
EPP EuropeanPeople’sParty
EU EuropeanUnion
MEP MemberofEuropeanParliament
NATO NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization
NUT TerritorialUnitofStatistics(fromFrench)
OECD OrganisationofEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment
OPEC OrganizationofPetroleumExportingCountries
OSCE OrganizationforSecurityandCo-operationinEurope
PERMREP PermanentRepresentative
WTO WorldTradeOrganization
Everycitizenshallhavetherighttoparticipateinthedemocraticlifeof
theUnion.Decisionsshallbetakenasopenlyandascloselyaspossible
tothecitizen.
TreatyoftheEuropeanUnion(Maastricht)Article10.3
