Renewable Resources for Functional Polymers and Biomaterials: Polysaccharides, Proteins and Polyesters

456 Pages·2011·62.25 MB·English

by  Peter Williams

Renewable Resources for Functional Polymers and
Biomaterials
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RSC Polymer Chemistry Series
Series Editors:
Professor Ben Zhong Tang (Editor-in-Chief), The Hong Kong University of
Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
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0 Professor Alaa S. Abd-El-Aziz, University of British Columbia, Canada
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19- Professor Jianhua Dong, National Natural Science Foundation of China,
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9 Professor Toshio Masuda, Fukui University of Technology, Japan
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1 Professor Christoph Weder, University of Fribourg, Switzerland
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0. Titles in the Series:
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How to obtain future titles on publication:
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Renewable Resources for
Functional Polymers and
Biomaterials
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Apartfromfairdealingforthepurposesofresearchfornon-commercialpurposesorfor
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9- Preface
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0. Natural polymers, polysaccharides, nucleic acids and proteins, in addition to
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2 n Followingthispreface,themainchaptersbeginwithasystematicdiscussion
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wA andmicrobial.Ofthebotanicalpolysaccharides,separatechaptersaredevoted
Do17 to the sources, structure, properties and medical applications of cellulose and
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d o its derivatives, starch and its derivatives, pectins, and exudate gums, notably
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ubli and xylan derivatives) as a new source of functional biopolymers for bio-
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medical and industrial applications. The algal polysaccharide, alginate, has
significant applications in food, pharmaceuticals and the medical field, all of
which are reviewed in a separate chapter. With regards to polysaccharides of
animal origin, there are separate chapters on the sources, production, bio-
compatibility,biodegradabilityandbiomedicalapplicationsofchitin(chitosan)
and hyaluronan.
With the increasing knowledge and applications of genetic engineering,
we have also included in the book an introduction to nucleic acid polymers,
genome research and genetic engineering.
Onproteinsandproteinconjugates,onechapterprovidesageneralreviewof
structuralglycoproteins,fibronectinandlaminin,togetherwiththeirroleinthe
promotionofcelladhesion invasculargrafts,implants and tissue engineering.
RSCPolymerChemistrySeriesNo.1
RenewableResourcesforFunctionalPolymersandBiomaterials
EditedbyPeterA.Williams
rRoyalSocietyofChemistry2011
PublishedbytheRoyalSocietyofChemistry,www.rsc.org
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vi Preface
Another chapter discusses general aspects of a number of industrial proteins,
including casein, caseinates, whey protein, gluten and soy proteins, with
emphasis on their medical applications, and with reference to the potential of
bacterial proteins.
Another natural polymer resource, namely microbial polyesters, although
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0. Chapter 1 Natural Polymers: Introduction and Overview 1
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2.1 Introduction 15
2.2 EstablishedAnalyticalTechniquesinCharacterization
of Natural Polymers 17
2.3 Characterization of Natural Polymers in Fiber Crops 19
2.4 Characterization of Plant Cell Wall Polysaccharides 20
2.5 Characterization of Structural Cereal Polysaccharides 21
2.6 Characterization of Pectic Polysaccharides in Fruits
and Vegetables 22
2.7 Characterization of Chitin and Chitosan 23
2.8 Characterization of Mucilage and Gums from
Plants and Algae 23
RSCPolymerChemistrySeriesNo.1
RenewableResourcesforFunctionalPolymersandBiomaterials
EditedbyPeterA.Williams
rRoyalSocietyofChemistry2011
PublishedbytheRoyalSocietyofChemistry,www.rsc.org
vii
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viii Contents
2.9 Characterization for General Identification and
Typing 24
2.10 Isolation and Identification of Sugar Residues in
Ocimum basilicum L 24
7 2.11 Characterization of Plant Reserve Polysaccharides 26
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3.2 Chemistry of Cellulose and Its Derivatives 49
3.2.1 Chemical Structure of Cellulose 49
3.2.2 Microcrystalline and Regenerated Celluloses 50
3.2.3 Cellulose Ethers and Esters 50
3.2.4 Other Cellulose Derivatives 52
3.3 Cellulosic Membranes 52
3.3.1 Outline of Membrane Separation 53
3.3.2 Cellulosic Membranes in Hemodialysis and
Related Technologies 54
3.3.3 History of Hemodialysis 54
3.3.4 Cellulosic Hollow Fibers 56
3.3.5 Recent Developments in Hemodialysis
Membranes 57
3.3.6 Recently Developed Cellulosic Hemodialysis
Membranes 59
3.3.7 Removal of Pathogens with Cellulosic
Membranes 61
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Contents ix
3.4 Cellulosics in Chromatography and Related
Technologies 63
3.4.1 Cellulose-Based Chromatography Gels to
Separate Biomaterial 63
3.4.2 Adsorbents for Hemoadsorption 66
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4.7.2 Xylan Esters 106
4.7.3 Thermoplastic and Unconventional Xylan
Derivatives 107
4.7.4 Oxidation of Xylans 111
4.8 Concluding Remarks 113
4.9 List of Abbreviations and Symbols 113
Acknowledgements 115
References 115
Chapter 5 Starch and its Derived Products: Biotechnological and
Biomedical Applications 130
John F. Kennedy, Charles J. Knill, Liu Liu and
Parmjit S. Panesar
5.1 Introduction 130
5.1.1 Composition and Structure 131
5.1.2 Physicochemical Characteristics 133
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5.2 Biotechnological Production of Starch Hydrolysis
Products 138
5.2.1 Maltodextrins 139
5.2.2 Glucose and Fructose Syrups 140
5.2.3 Cyclodextrins 142
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6.2.6 To Establish an ‘‘Emulsification Index’’ for
Variable Gum Arabic Samples 174
6.2.7 FunctionalitieswhichareRelatedtoMolecular
Structure 177
6.3 Gum Tragacanth 178
6.3.1 Definition 178
6.3.2 Properties 179
6.3.3 TypicalProductSpecificationofaCommercial
Gum Tragacanth 180
6.3.4 Applications 180
6.3.5 Composition 180
6.3.6 Regulatory Status 180
6.3.7 Current Position 181
6.4 Karaya Gum 181
6.4.1 Structure 181
6.4.2 Uses and Applications 182
6.4.3 Regulatory Status 182