Table Of ContentRenewable Energy Technologies
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Renewable Energy Technologies
Advances and Emerging Trends
for Sustainability
Edited by
Nayan Kumar and Prabhansu
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
ISBN 9781119827504
Cover image: Methane, Michael Thompson | Dreamstime.com
Biofuel Production, Mikhail Abramov | Dreamstime.com
Cover design by Kris Hackerott
Set in size of 11pt and Minion Pro by Manila Typesetting Company, Makati, Philippines
Printed in the USA
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Preface xvii
1 Comparison of Drag Models for Hydrodynamic Flow Behavior
Analysis of Bubbling Fluidized Bed 1
Sourav Ganguli, Prabhansu and Malay Kr. Karmakar
Abbreviations 2
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Mathematical Model 4
1.3 Results and Discussion 8
1.3.1 Effect of Different Drag Models for Radial
Distribution of Solid 9
1.3.2 Effect of Different Drag Models for Axial
Distribution of Solid 13
1.3.3 Contours and Vector Plot 13
1.4 Conclusion 18
References 18
2 Pathways of Renewable Energy Sources in Rajasthan
for Sustainable Growth 21
Hemani Paliwal, Vikramaditya Dave and Sujeet Kumar
Abbreviations 22
2.1 Introduction 22
2.2 Renewable Energy in India 25
2.3 Renewable Energy in Rajasthan 34
2.3.1 Conventional Energy Sources in Rajasthan 36
2.3.2 Renewable Energy Sources 36
2.3.2.1 Solar Energy 36
2.3.2.2 Wind Energy 40
2.3.2.3 Biomass Energy 44
2.3.2.4 Small Hydropower 50
2.4 Government Initiatives 52
v
vi Contents
2.5 Major Achievements 54
2.6 Environment Effects 56
2.7 Conclusion 56
References 57
3 Distributed Generation Policy in India: Challenges
and Opportunities 63
J. N. Roy, Uday Shankar and Ajaykumar Chaurasiya
3.1 Background 64
3.2 Electricity Access in India 67
3.2.1 Distribution Sector of India 68
3.2.2 Distributed Generation 71
3.2.3 Recent DG Technologies and their Scenario
in India 73
3.3 DG System Position in Existing Legal and Policy
Framework of India 76
3.3.1 Position of the Electricity Sector in the Constitution
of India 76
3.3.2 Overview of the Electricity Act, 2003 76
3.3.3 DG System Position in the Electricity Act, 2003 77
3.3.4 DG System Position in the Electricity (Amendment)
Act 2018 and Electricity (Amendment) Act, 2020 78
3.3.5 DG System Position in the National Renewable
Energy Act 2015 79
3.3.6 DG System Position in the National Electricity
Policy 2005, National Tariff Policy 2006, Rural
Electrification Policy 2006, and National Energy
Policy 2017 80
3.4 Analysis and Challenges in the DG System 81
3.4.1 National Policy on Renewable Energy Based
Mini/Micro-Grid 81
3.4.2 Smart Grid Policy of India 82
3.4.3 Grid Integration Policy of DG System 86
3.4.4 Regulatory Commission on the DG System 87
3.4.5 Renewable Energy Policy of India 88
3.4.6 Challenges 89
3.4.7 Impact of DG System on the Indian Power System 92
3.5 Conclusion 93
References 94
Contents vii
4 Sustainable Development of Nanomaterials for Energy
and Environmental Protection Applications 99
Mohamed Jaffer Sadiq Mohamed
4.1 Introduction 100
4.2 Photocatalysis 101
4.2.1 Mechanism of Photocatalysis 101
4.2.2 Applications of Photocatalysis 102
4.2.3 Current Trends in Photocatalytic Applications 105
4.3 Electrocatalysis 109
4.3.1 Mechanism of Electrocatalysis 109
4.3.2 Applications of Electrocatalysis 110
4.3.3 Current Trends in Electrocatalytic Applications 112
4.4 Supercapacitors 115
4.4.1 Mechanism of Supercapacitors 115
4.4.2 Applications of Supercapacitors 118
4.4.3 Current Trends in Supercapacitor Applications 124
4.5 Conclusions 124
Acknowledgments 124
References 124
5 Semiconductor Quantum Dot Solar Cells: Construction,
Working Principle, and Current Development 133
Hirendra Das and Pranayee Datta
5.1 Introduction 134
5.2 Solar Cell Operation (Photovoltaic Effect) 136
5.2.1 Physical Explanation of Photovoltaic Effect 138
5.3 Quantum Dot Based Solar Cells 139
5.4 Materials for QDSSCs 142
5.4.1 Photoanodes for QDSCs 142
5.4.2 Sensitizer for QDSSCs 143
5.4.3 Electrolytes and CE for QDSCs 149
5.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects 153
References 154
6 Review on Productivity Enhancement of Passive Solar Stills 165
Subbarama Kousik Suraparaju and Sendhil Kumar Natarajan
6.1 Introduction 166
6.2 Need for Desalination in India & Other Parts of World 167
6.3 Significance of Solar Energy – Indian Scenario 168
6.4 Desalination Process Powered by Solar Energy 169
viii Contents
6.4.1 Solar Thermal Desalination 171
6.5 Solar Still 172
6.5.1 Categorization of Solar Stills 173
6.5.1.1 Passive Solar Still 174
6.5.1.2 Active Solar Still 174
6.5.2 Pros and Cons of Solar Still 174
6.6 Methods to Augment the Potable Water Yield
in Passive Solar Still 175
6.6.1 Incorporating Thermal Energy Storage 175
6.6.1.1 Sensible Heat Energy Storage (SHES) 176
6.6.1.2 Latent Heat Energy Storage (LHES) 178
6.6.2 Integrating Fins to the Absorber 182
6.6.3 Inclusion of Wicks & Natural Fibres 184
6.6.4 Modifying the Geometry of Solar Still 185
6.7 Factors Affecting the Rate of Productivity 186
6.7.1 Environmental Factors 186
6.7.2 Design Factors 186
6.7.3 Operational Factors 187
6.8 Corollary on Productivity Enhancement Methods 187
6.9 Conclusions and Future Recommendations 206
References 207
7 Subsynchronous Resonance Issues in Integrating Large
Windfarms to Grid 217
R. Mahalakshmi and K.C. Sindhu Thampatty
7.1 Introduction 218
7.2 Literature Survey 220
7.3 DFIG Based Grid Integrated WECs 221
7.4 Modeling of System Components 222
7.4.1 Mechanical System 223
7.4.2 DFIG 223
7.4.3 Transmission Network 225
7.4.4 RSC – GSC Converter 226
7.4.5 Integration of the Complete System 227
7.5 Analysis of Subsynchronous Resonance 228
7.5.1 Analysis by Eigenvalue Method 228
7.5.2 Time Domain Analysis 229
7.5.2.1 DFIG Control Scheme 229
7.5.2.2 Control Technique 231
7.5.2.3 Design of Dynamic Controller 231
7.5.3 System Performance with the Proposed Technique 233
Contents ix
7.6 Hardware Implementation 235
7.7 Conclusion 241
References 241
8 Emerging Trends for Biomass and Waste to Energy
Conversion 245
Musademba Downmore, Chihobo Chido H.
and Garahwa Zvikomborero
8.1 Introduction 246
8.1.1 Biomass Resources 246
8.1.2 Bio-Energy Technologies 246
8.2 Hydrothermal Processing 247
8.2.1 Hydrothermal Liquefaction 248
8.2.2 Operating Conditions for HTL 248
8.2.3 Types of Hydrothermal Liquefaction Systems 248
8.2.4 Hydrothermal Liquefaction Steps 249
8.2.5 Chemistry of Liquefaction 250
8.2.6 Advantages of Hydrothermal Liquefaction 252
8.2.7 Hydrothermal Carbonization (HTC) 253
8.2.8 Process Mechanism of HTC 254
8.2.9 Comparison of Pyrochar and Hydrochar Properties 256
8.3 Opportunities and Challenges in Hydrothermal
Processing (HTP) 256
8.3.1 Environmental Opportunities 258
8.3.2 Social Opportunities 258
8.3.3 Economic Opportunities 259
8.3.4 Challenges in HTP 259
8.4 Bio-Methanation Process 259
8.4.1 Factors that Influence AD 262
8.4.2 Biogas Use 264
8.4.3 Benefits of Biogas Technology 265
8.4.4 Biogas Digester 266
8.4.5 Types of Biogas Digesters 267
8.4.6 Factors to Consider when Selecting a Biogas
Digester Design 271
8.5 Integrating AD-HTP 272
8.6 Waste to Energy Conversion 272
8.6.1 WtE Conversion Case Studies 275
8.6.2 WtE from Municipal Wastewater 276
8.6.3 Opportunities Arising from WtE Plans 278
