Renewable Energy. Physics, Engineering, Environmental Impacts, Economics and Planning

1033 Pages·2017·139.482 MB·English

by  Bent Sørensen (Auth.)

Renewable Energy
Other Books by the Author
Musicacrosstimesandfences,2016
Artwork2016(2ndedition;1sted.2014)
Energy,ResourcesandWelfare:Explorationofsocialframeworksforsustainable
development,2016
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EnergyIntermittency,2015
Democracyandsense:Alternativestofinancialcrisesandpoliticalsmall-talk,
2015
Demokratiogfornuft:Alternativertilpolitikerledeogfinanskriser,2015
Blegdamsvej17,2015(3rdedition;1sted.1989;2nded.2001)
PhysicsinSociety2014(3rdedition;1sted.1986;2nded2001)
HydrogenandFuelCells:Emergingtechnologiesandapplications2012
(2ndedition,1stedition2005;3rdeditiondue2018;Chinesetranslation2015)
AHistoryofEnergy:ThecaseofDenmarkfromStoneAgetopresent,2011
Life-cycleanalysisofenergysystems:Frommethodologytoapplications,2011
RenewableEnergy:Physics,engineering,environmentalimpacts,economics&
planning(1stedition1979;Russiantranslation(PartI)1989;2ndedition2000;3rd
edition2004,4thedition2010;Chinesetranslation(inpress))
RenewableEnergyReferenceBookSet(ed.,4volumesofreprints),2010
RenewableEnergyConversion,TransmissionandStorage,2007;Chinese
translation2011
Life-cycleanalysisofenergysystems(withKuemmelandNielsen),1997
Superstrenge,1987;Dutchtranslation1989
Fredogfrihed,1985
FundamentalsofEnergyStorage(withJ.Jensen),1984
Energiforfremtiden(withHvelplund,Illum,Jensen,MeyerandNørga˚rd),1983
EnergikriserogUdviklingsperspektiver(withDanielsen),1983
SkitsetilalternativenergiplanforDanmark(withBlegaa,Hvelplund,Jensen,
Josephsen,Linderoth,MeyerandBalling),1976
Moreinformationabouttheauthor’sworkatwww.secantus.dk,energy.ruc.dk,and
www.amazon.co.uk/orwww.amazon.com/followedby
Bent-Sørensen/e/B001HCXJ8K/ref5sr_tc_2_0?qid51476986750&sr51-2-ent
Renewable Energy
Physics, Engineering, Environmental
Impacts, Economics and Planning
Fifth Edition
Bent Sørensen
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Preface to fifth edition
The market penetration of renewable energy-based systems has accelerated during
the years since the Fourth Edition of this book from 2010. Particularly wind power
has established itself as a very competitive solution in offshore or resource-favored
inland locations, relative to fossil and nuclear energy. The technology showing the
most rapid lowering of cost during the period has been solar photovoltaics, that
today approach wind in economic viability at sites with favorable solar radiation
incidence. These developments are presented in quantitative terms through the revi-
sionsofChapter1.
The physical basis for renewable energy flows, covered in Chapters 2 and 3,
touches upon the climate issue of anthropogenic emissions and other disturbances
of the determinants for climates on the Earth. Here the assessments of scientific lit-
erature by the Intergovernmental Climate Panel, through its most recent publica-
tions, have confirmed the human impacts on climate not only by theoretical models
but by indisputable observations regarding world temperatures, ice melting near
poles, and increased frequencies of extreme events such as storms and flooding.
Details have been added to Chapter 2 and used in an updated discussion if climate
changeimpactsinChapter7.
The engineering aspects of renewable energy conversion devices that form the
subject ofChapter 4, has been modestlyupdated by some new scientific ideas com-
ing up during the last couple of years. However, precisely the commercial success
of what have now become the “standard” renewable energy technologies is making
it difficult for new ideas to become developed from a scientific idea to a commer-
cial product, unless the advantages are so obvious that industry will risk the associ-
ated investments. The same might be said for the energy storage technologies that
are the subject of Chapter 5, but here, particularly for storage of excess power and
regeneration of electricity, no single preferred solution has yet been identified. The
cost of electrochemical energy storage devices has declined, but other options such
asunderground hydrogenstores being charged and dischargedwith use offuel cells
or gas turbinesmay turn outto bethe mostattractive solution. Storage technologies
cannot be avoided if renewable energy is to become a 100% solution, due to the
variations in resource flow that is obvious for wind and solar radiation, the latter
being particularly uncorrelated with energy demand due to day(cid:1)night and seasonal
variations,plustheeffectofpassingcloudcover.
Quite substantial updates and additions are made in Chapter 6, dealing with sce-
narios for supply(cid:1)demand matching in different parts of the world. New scenarios
has been added, for the North American countries, for Japan and Korea, and partic-
ularly for China, where a model highlighting the continuation of the bold steps
xviii Prefacetofifthedition
already madeover the last decadehas been based on dividing China into four parts,
according to resource availability and demand density considerations. This model
determines the requirement for power transmission between regions of China as
well as further energy storage needs, that will allow Chinese energy demands to be
fullycoveredbyrenewableresources.
The details of the most recent climate-related impact estimations presented in
Chapter 7 are also used to update the earlier energy system life-cycle analysis
examples and add a few new ones. Finally, Chapter 8 again summarizes the overall
conditions for success of the transition away from fuel-based energy systems,
including getting rid of false economic paradigms and creating a new spirit of
international cooperation based on equity and welfare rather than on the present
exploitation and inequality-creating behavior of international traders and the selfish
politicsofmanynationalleaders.
BentSørensen
Gilleleje,October2016
ORCID.org/0000-0002-6724-7396
Preface to fourth edition
The ongoing commercialization of the most viable renewable energy systems has
led to maturation of these systems that may not have introduced many novel funda-
mental insights, but has streamlined the components in the interest of cost, durabil-
ity, and trouble-free operation. For renewable technologies not competitive yet, the
fact that technologies like wind power have already reached the marketplace seems
tohavespurredanenhancedefforttoreachthesamestatus.Theevidenceforthisis
a simultaneous focus on lowering cost and on offering smooth integration into
existing ornewenergysystems.Rapidlydevelopingcountriesthatareattemptingto
createa100-foldincreaseinaveragewealthwithinafewdecadesareaspecialmar-
ket focus. It is evidently not possible to realize this growth for nearly half the
world’s population if energy continues to be derived from fossil resources. The
interesting option is then to jump directly to the long-range solution offered by
renewableenergysystems, even ifthemixofsuchsystemsincludessometechnolo-
gies that are not instantaneously characterized by economic viability but still may
be so in a life-cycle view. The foresight and courage to follow such a path are the
hallmarksofresponsiblepoliticiansandotherdecision-makers.
Theseobservationshaveguidedthelatestupdateofthisbook.Bothnewtechnol-
ogy and advances of existing technology are covered in Chapters 4 and 5, and the
system implications are added to Chapters 6 and 7. Chapters 2 and 3 have only
been lightly updated, e.g., by the newest IPCC estimates of climate changes (which
of course may have a direct influence on distribution of renewable energy flows).
Themarket overviewinChapter1has been updatedwithavailable production data.
Much of these data are still publicly available, although industry efforts to conceal
cost data have been increasing along with the creation of real (i.e., not government
subsidized)markets.Overall,someofthematerialinthebookhasbeenreorganized
to enhance the use of the book as a textbook. Finally, the publisher has decided to
alter page layout and change the language of this edition from International English
toU.S.English.Iapologizeforanyinconvenience ensuing.
The remarks made in the prefaces to the earlier editions still stand and may
proveusefultoguidethereaderthroughthearrangementofthematerial.
BentSørensen
Gilleleje,March2010
Preface to third edition
The present edition has been updated in a number of renewable energy technology
areas (Chapters 4 and 5), where progress has been made over the recent years. New
solar simulation studies have been added to Chapter 6, and market considerations
have been included in the overview in Chapter 1 and in discussing industry liberal-
ization in Chapter 7. The remarks on advanced subjects made in the preface to the
second edition are still valid. A new growth area is fuel cells for stationary and
mobile uses of hydrogen and other fuels. Only modest updates have been done in
thisarea,asitisthesubjectofanew,companionbooktobepublishedaboutayear
afterthisone(Sørensen:HydrogenandFuelCells,Elsevier/AcademicPress).Some
oldermaterialhasbeenomittedortidiedup,andmaneuveringthroughthebookhas
been eased, both for reference and for textbook uses. The following diagrams may
assistinfollowingthetracksofinterestthroughthebook:
Topic-DrivenPaths
Chapter Wind Solar Solar Biofuels Others
Power Heat
1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1
2 2.3.1(End), 2.2.2,2.4.1 2.2.2,2.4.1 2.4.1 2.3.2,2.4.1,
2.4.1,2C 2B,2D
3 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.6 3.3(cid:1)3.5,3.7
4 4.1.4,4.3 4.1.5,4.2.3 4.2.1(cid:1)2,4.6 4.8 4.1.3,4.1.6,
4.4(cid:1)5,4.7,4.8
5 5.1.2,5.2.2 5.1.2,5.2.2 5.1.1,5.2.1
6 6.2.5,6.3.2,6.4 6.2.4,6.4 6.3.1,6.4 6.2.7,6.4 6.4
7 7.4.12(cid:1)13,7.5 7.4.12(cid:1)13 7.4.12(cid:1)13
8 8 8 8 8 8
xxii Prefacetothirdedition
CourseMaterialUses
Chapter Resource Energy Energy Energy Energy&
Studies Engineering Planning Economics Environment
1 1 1 1.1 1.2
2 2 2.4.1
3 3 Asneeded 3.4.2(End)
4 4 Asneeded 4.8(Start) 4.5
5 5 Asneeded
6 6 Asneeded Asneeded
7 7 7 7.4
8 8 8 8 8 8
BentSørensen
Gilleleje,October2003
Preface to second edition
When the first edition of Renewable Energy appeared in 1979, it was the first text-
book and research monograph since the 1920s to deal with the renewable energy
sources and systems at a scholarly level. Indeed, it was instrumental in establishing
the now universally used term “renewable energy”for a new area of science, which
emergedundernamessuchas“regenerativeenergy”inGermanyand“solarenergy”
in the United States of America. In many countries, renewable energy appeared in
planning documents as “supplementary energy,” based on a conviction by adminis-
trators thatthiscouldnever becomea major sourceof energy. My suggestion inthe
journal Science (Sørensen, 1975b) that renewable energy could potentially become
a 100% solution was regarded as absurd by many. Things have changed today,
where official energy plans of some countries call for over 50% renewable energy
coverage by year 2030 (Danish Department of Environment and Energy, 1996),
wherethebestrenewableenergytechnologiesarealreadyeconomicallycompetitive
relative to fossil options, and where increased concern over greenhouse warming
effectsmaywellaltertheperceivedindirectcostsofdifferentenergysolutions.
Thestructureofthefirsteditionwasdeterminedbytheaimofplacingrenewable
energyontheacademicagenda.Itwasmygoaltoshowyoungscientists,engineers,
and future planners that renewable energy was at least as interesting and challeng-
ing as nuclear energy, and I tried to do this by showing the depth of problems to be
solved using advanced techniques, shying no complication of quantum mechanics
or nonlinear mathematics. This was seen as positive by reviewers and colleagues,
but may have limited the sales figures for the book! Today, the requirements are
quite different: now many universities and polytechnic institutes have renewable
energy courses in their curriculum, and the task at hand is to provide good teaching
materialsfortherelevantlevelsofcourses.Therefore,Ihavethoroughlyrevisedthe
content and presentation in the second edition. The main sections of each chapter
are now suited for introductory level study, with only very general prerequisites.
Any topic requiring more background is deferred to special sections marked as
ADVANCED topics at the top corner of each page. They can be added individually
at the choice of the teacher, or they can be left for further study by the user of the
book. My reflections on whether to separate elementary and advanced topics in two
volumes or keep them together are as follows. Needing to go back to a topic for
more detailed study, it is very convenient to be able to find it in a book that you
havealreadyworked with.Thestyleandassumptionsareknowntoyou,andfirstof
all, the book is on your shelf and need not be retrieved from somewhere else.
Against the single-volume solution speaks the book price for those who find it
unlikely that they shall need more than the elementary sections. However, we are