Table Of ContentLecture Notes in Energy 57
Evanthie Michalena
Jeremy Maxwell Hills Editors
Renewable
Energy
Governance
Complexities and Challenges
Lecture Notes in Energy
Volume 57
For furthervolumes:
http://www.springer.com/series/8874
Evanthie Michalena Jeremy Maxwell Hills
•
Editors
Renewable Energy
Governance
Complexities and Challenges
123
Editors
Evanthie Michalena Jeremy Maxwell Hills
ENeC Laboratory,UMR 8185 CTLConsult
Paris-Sorbonne (Paris IV) Newcastle uponTyne
and CNRSINSHS UK
Paris
France
ISSN 2195-1284 ISSN 2195-1292 (electronic)
ISBN 978-1-4471-5594-2 ISBN 978-1-4471-5595-9 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4471-5595-9
SpringerLondonHeidelbergNewYorkDordrecht
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Preface
Two decades after the take-off of the renewable energy (RE) systems and con-
tinuous increasesinthe electricity bills,customers start toseek answers. Answers
related to the efficiency/effectiveness of RE systems, answers related to local
benefits in relation to huge profits of some private RE developers, and answers
related to tax being spent supporting the ballooning institutional architecture
(EnergyRegulators,TransportSystemOperators,PublicUtilities,InternationalRE
Agencies).
Fromthepointofviewoftheeditors—twoscientistswhohavefollowedtheRE
Market almost since its birth—the above issues have not been discussed suffi-
ciently (if not at all) and answers have not been given. Indeed, the focus of
academic and institutional studies has been on the race for RE, the technological
advances, and the barriers and constrains which slow that race down. In the
meantime climate pressures and ‘‘environmental problems related to energy’’
constitute the perfect ‘‘camouflage’’ for developers to become even richer, for
customerstopayforunknownor‘‘hidden’’services,andforenergyinstitutionsto
be created whose role remains dubious.
Toapproachsomeofthoseemergingquestions,wehavethoughtofsuggesting
this book, a book where examples of ‘‘rushing’’/‘‘not-well-planned’’ Renewable
Energy Governance have been analyzed. As already mentioned, RE has been
around for more than two decades now, which allows maturity and experience to
lead to more secure conclusions.
This book is made from case-study interrogations of highly educated people
that live (or work in) countries from around the world. Therefore, there is a
collection of case studies from USA, Brazil, New Zealand, Australia, Kenya,
China, Japan, and European countries (Belgium, France, Germany, Greece,
Ireland, Spain, and UK). To keep things simple, this book is mainly emphasizing
RE Governance for electricity purposes and not transport. Therefore, cases on
biofuels are only referred at a limited extent in this book.
The choice of authors was not ‘‘accidental’’. The energy sector covers a range
of aspects related to RE such as trade, production, employment, pricing, taxes,
environmental regulation, etc. Selected academics were asked not only to cover
the different disciplines surrounding RE, but also to be as illustrative as possible
andtobecritical,keepinganobjectiveviewoverREexpansion.Inshort,thisbook
offersanhonest,fresh,andthoroughlookatREGovernancefactsand/ormistakes.
v
vi Preface
Theidea was thateach chapter should beedited fromapairoracademics, one
beingexperienced(aProfessor,anAssociateProfessororequivalent)andtheother
ayoungResearcher(aPh.D.candidate,apostdoc,aLecturer,aresearchfellowor
equivalent) or an Executive from the Market. This was done to add depth and
freshness to the views under examination and move away from ‘‘ritual’’ expla-
nationsanddeeplyengrainedpath-dependentthinking.Wehavedeliberatelyasked
Market Executives to participate, as this would balance the academic perspective
of this book. We judged this inclusion as necessary because we consider that the
voiceoftheMarketshoulddefinitelygohandinhandwiththevoiceofacademics
on crucial issues that touch everyday life, such as energy.
This book is designed to provide lecture material as well as numerous case
studies to be further considered in seminars and discussions related to energy
governance. More particularly, the book is targeted at those who want to actively
learnaboutrenewableenergyandthegovernanceaspectsthatshapeanddefinethe
sector.ThebookdoesnotprovidearecipebutapalimpsestofemergingREideas
and examples from across the word which raise questions, create challenges, and
require solutions. It is designed to provide background information and case
studies to help with the development of lectures for specialist undergraduate
modules or postgraduate Higher Education courses. It is also for postgraduate or
researchstudentswhoarefromothersectoralbackgrounds,suchasengineeringor
finance, but who want to more broadly access the aspects which shape the RE
sector.Finally,itisforprofessionalswhohaveexperienceofenergyutilitiesorthe
REdomainandarewellfoundedintraditionalexpositionsanddescriptionsofthe
sector, but who are not entirely convinced by contemporary rhetoric and want to
probe deeper to see what lies beneath the smooth veneer of the RE sector.
Evanthie Michalena
Jeremy M. Hills
Contents
Part I Introduction
Introduction: Renewable Energy Governance: Is it Blocking the
Technically Feasible?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Evanthie Michalena and Jeremy Maxwell Hills
Renewable and Conventional Electricity Generation Systems:
Technologies and Diversity of Energy Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
George Kosmadakis, Sotirios Karellas and Emmanuel Kakaras
Part II Transitions Towards Renewable Energy Systems
Institutional Factors That Determine Energy Transitions:
A Comparative Case Study Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Auriane Magdalena Koster and John Martin Anderies
Renewable Energy: Urban Centres Lead the Dance in Australia?. . . . 63
Cathryn Hamilton and Jon Kellett
Endogenous Tourism Development Through Renewable Energy
Governance: A Questionable Challenge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Dimitrios A. Parpairis and Dimitrios Lagos
Outliers or Frontrunners? Exploring the (Self-) Governance
of Community- Owned Sustainable Energy in Scotland
and the Netherlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Niki Frantzeskaki, Flor Avelino and Derk Loorbach
vii
viii Contents
Part III Hidden Problems Behind the ‘‘Re Miracle’’
Renewable Energy Governance in Kenya: Plugging into the Grid
‘Plugging into Progress’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
James Mwangi, Nicholas Kimani and Maina Muniafu
Renewable Energy in New Zealand: The Reluctance for Resilience. . . 137
Hugh Byrd and Steve Matthewman
The Development of Renewable Energy Governance in Greece.
Examples of a Failed (?) Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Antonis Metaxas and Michael Tsinisizelis
Lost in the National Labyrinths of Bureaucracy:
The Case of Renewable Energy Governance in Cyprus. . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Paris A. Fokaides, Andreas Poullikkas and Constantinos Christofides
The Perplexed Technical Governance of Wind Turbines
in Greek Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
George Caralis, Arthouros Zervos, Gao Zhiqiu and Kostas Rados
Environmental Impacts of Renewable Energy:
Gone with the Wind? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Viktor Kouloumpis, Xiongwei Liu and Elspeth Lees
Champagne and Metal Flowers: Who is Invited to the Wind
Generation Party in France?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Céline Burger and François Mancebo
Part IV Renewable Energy Governance: Food for Thought
Renewable Energy Governance Challenges Within a ‘‘Puzzled’’
Institutional Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Maria Kottari and Panagiotis Roumeliotis
Geopolitics, Climate Change and Energy Governance:
A Grey Area in the Black Sea Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Jeremy Maxwell Hills and Evanthie Michalena
Times of Recession: Three Different Renewable Energy Stories
from the Mediterranean Region. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Sofia-Natalia Boemi and Agis M. Papadopoulos
Contents ix
The Shadows Cast by Inadequate Energy Governance:
Why More Sun Does Not Necessarily Mean More Photovoltaic
Electricity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Sarah J. McCormack and Brian Norton
Germany: Challenges of a Full Transition to Renewable Energy. . . . . 295
Volkmar Lauber and Moritz Buschmann
Part V Hopes and Fears: Considerations for Future Governance
Green Electricity Certificates in Flanders: The Gradual
Extension of a Market-Based Mechanism and Doubts
Over its Cost-Efficiency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Ils Moorkens, Yoko Dams, Luc Van Wortswinkel
and Gerrit Jan Schaeffer
Building on Norway’s Energy Goldmine: Policies for Expertise,
Export, and Market Efficiencies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
Tomas Moe Skjølsvold, Marianne Ryghaug and Jon Dugstad
The Significance of the Environmental Communication
for the Renewable Energy Governance Scenario:
Who Decides for Whom?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Constantina Skanavis, Christos Giannoulis and Vassilis Skanavis
The Political-Economics of the Green Industrial Revolution:
Renewable Energy as the Key to National Sustainable
Communities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Woodrow W. Clark II and Xing Li
Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
Evanthie Michalena and Jeremy Maxwell Hills
Part I
Introduction
