Table Of ContentR&Ra.v1-ttlpgs. qxp 4/5/04 3:08 PM Page 1
Almanac
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Almanac
1
Volume
PEGGY SAARI &
AARON SAARI, EDITORS
Julie Carnagie, Project Editor
Renaissance and Reformation: Almanac
Peggy Saari and Aaron Saari
Project Editor Composition
Julie L. Carnagie Evi Seoud
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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA
Saari, Peggy.
Renaissance and Reformation. Almanac / Peggy Saari and Aaron Saari ; Julie L.
Carnagie, editor.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-7876-5467-1 (set hardcover : alk. paper)
1. Renaissance–Juvenile literature. 2. Reformation–Juvenile
literature. I. Saari, Aaron Maurice. II. Carnagie, Julie. III. Title.
CB359 .S23 2002
940.2’1–dc21
2002006152
Vol. 1. 0-7876-5468-X; Vol. 2. 0-7876-5469-8; Set 0-7876-5467-1
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Reader’s Guide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
Timeline of Events. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
Words to Know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxvii
Research and Activity Ideas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xlv
Volume 1
A Changing Europe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Achievements of the Renaissance. . . . . . . . . 2
Influences on the Renaissance. . . . . . . . . . 10
The Black Death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Peasant uprisings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
The Ottoman Empire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
European wars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
The idea of Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
v
A Divided Italy: Home of the Renaissance . . . . . . . . 45
Renaissance spreads from Italy . . . . . . . . . 46
Italian Wars dominate Renaissance . . . . . . . 48
The major city-states . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and Spain . . . 90
France. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Spain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
The age of European exploration. . . . . . . . 134
Central and Northern Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
The Holy Roman Empire . . . . . . . . . . . 142
The Protestant Reformation . . . . . . . . . . 144
The Habsburg Empire . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Switzerland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
The Netherlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Scandinavia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Hungary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Poland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Martin Luther: Founder of Lutheranism . . . . . . . . 190
The Babylonian Captivity . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Luther starts Reformation . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Luther at Wittenberg . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Can one man change a powerful institution? . . 200
Luther’s troubles begin . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Diet of Worms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Return to Wittenberg . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
A new pope and the Diet of Nuremberg. . . . . 209
The German Peasants’ War . . . . . . . . . . 210
Luther gets married . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
The Diets of Speyer: 1526 and 1529 . . . . . . 216
The Augsburg Confession: 1530 . . . . . . . . 219
Luther’s last years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
The Protestant Reformation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Switzerland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
vi Renaissance and Reformation: Almanac
Scandinavia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
The Netherlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Thirty Years’ War (1618–48) . . . . . . . . . . 259
The Catholic Reformation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Reform movement take shape . . . . . . . . . 269
Church starts reforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
Religious orders and congregations formed . . . 275
The Inquisitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Witchcraft trials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Where to Learn More. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xlix
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lxi
Volume 2
Italian Renaissance Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Humanist literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
Renaissance art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Performing arts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
Northern Renaissance Culture. . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
Italian Renaissance ideas adopted . . . . . . . 373
Humanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
Northern Renaissance art . . . . . . . . . . . 403
Entertainment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
Scientific method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
Astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442
Medicine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446
Contents vii
Geography and cartography . . . . . . . . . . 455
Scientific instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458
Alchemy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464
Astrology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
Social Status and Community . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
First Estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
Second Estate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474
Third Estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478
Life at Court . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
Life in the city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488
Life in the country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490
Social outsiders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
Social problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502
Education and Training. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513
Humanist education developed . . . . . . . . 514
Italian schools start movement. . . . . . . . . 515
France starts humanist collèges . . . . . . . . . 518
Spain and Portugal influenced by Italy . . . . . 520
New schools in England and Scotland . . . . . 521
Organized education in Germany
and Low Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523
Education for women promoted . . . . . . . . 524
Universities flourish during the Renaissance . . 526
Professional training . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530
Artisan training. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533
Women in the Renaissance and Reformation. . . . . . 538
Women in the family . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538
Women and religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545
Women in high culture . . . . . . . . . . . . 550
Daily Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567
A diverse society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567
Family and kinship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569
Households. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572
Marriage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575
viii Renaissance and Reformation: Almanac
Childbirth and infancy . . . . . . . . . . . . 581
Childhood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585
Youth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589
Food and drink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590
Clothing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595
Festivals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601
Fairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608
Sports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 610
Sickness and disease. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612
Death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615
Where to Learn More. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xlix
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lxi
Contents ix
Reader’s Guide
Renaissance and Reformation: Almanacprovides a wide range
of historical information on the period in European histo-
ry between the mid-1300s and the early 1600s. The two-vol-
ume set explores both the Italian and Northern Renaissance
as well as the Protestant and Catholic Reformations. Arranged
in fourteen subject chapters, Renaissance and Reformation: Al-
manac includes topics such as the rise of European monar-
chies, Martin Luther and his role in the Protestant Reforma-
tion, Italian and Northern Renaissance culture, science during
the Renaissance, education and training, women in Renais-
sance society, and daily life.
Additional Features
Renaissance and Reformation: Almanacincludes numer-
ous sidebars, some focusing on people associated with the Re-
naissance and Reformation era, others taking a closer look at
pivotal events. More than one hundred black-and-white illus-
trations enliven the text, while cross-references are made to
people or events discussed in other chapters. Both volumes
contain a timeline, a glossary, research and activity ideas, a
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