Table Of ContentMaulin P Shah Editor
Removal
of Emerging
Contaminants
Through Microbial
Processes
Removal of Emerging Contaminants
Through Microbial Processes
Maulin P Shah
Editor
Removal of Emerging
Contaminants Through
Microbial Processes
Editor
MaulinPShah
DivisionofApplied&
EnvironmentalMicrobiology
EnvironmentalMicrobiologyLab
Bharuch,India
ISBN978-981-15-5900-6 ISBN978-981-15-5901-3 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5901-3
#SpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2021
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Contents
AspectsofMicrobialBiofilmsinWaterTreatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
RiddhaDeyandRichaRaghuwanshi
NewBioremediationTechnologiestoRemoveHeavyMetals
andRadionuclides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
ShubhalakshmiSengupta,UttariyaRoy,ShamikChowdhary,
andPapitaDas
RemovalofHeavyMetalsUsingBentoniteClayandInorganic
Coagulants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
AmitK.Thakur,RahulKumar,PranavaChaudhari,andRaviShankar
AdvancedOxidationProcessesforWastewaterRemediation:
AnOverview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
SamreenHeenaKhanandVirendraKumarYadav
RhizoremediationofHeavyMetal-andXenobiotic-Contaminated
Soil:AnEco-FriendlyApproach. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . 95
PramilaVermaandSeemaRawat
BiotreatmentofHigh-SalinityWastewater:CurrentMethods
andFutureDirections. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 115
YiyiZhao,XumingZhuang,ShakeelAhmad,ShihwuSung,
andShou-QingNi
FacingLethalImpactsofIndustrializationviaGreenandSustainable
MicrobialRemovalofHazardousPollutantsandNanobioremediation. . 133
BasmaA.Omran
WastewaterTreatmentTechniques:AnIntroduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
MukeshMeena,PriyankarajSonigra,GarimaYadav,andTansukhBarupal
NewTrendsinRemovingHeavyMetalsfromIndustrial
WastewaterThroughMicrobes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
MohammadHaris,AdnanShakeel,TouseefHussain,GufranAhmad,
andAbrarAhmadKhan
vv
vi Contents
BiologicalWastewaterTreatmentTechnology:Advancementand
Drawback. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
IfraZoomi,HarbansKaurKehri,OvaidAkhtar,DheerajPandey,
UmaSingh,KanhaiyaLalChaudhary,andRaghvendraPratapNarayan
RoleofExtremophilesandExtremophilicProteinsinIndustrialWaste
Treatment. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. 217
SharmisthaTapadar,DeekshaTripathi,SaurabhPandey,KhyatiGoswami,
ArunimaBhattacharjee,KunwaliDas,EspitaPalwan,MamtaRani,
andAshutoshKumar
BiosorptionofCarcinogenicHeavyMetalsbyBacteria:
RoleandMechanism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
RaviChauhan,HardiPatel,andSeemaRawat
TheInterestinNanotechnology:AStepTowardsBioremediation. . . . . 265
KomalAgrawalandPradeepVerma
SustainablePhycoremediationofXenobioticsPollutedWater. . . . . . . . 283
NourSh.El-Gendy,HusseinN.Nassar,KhaledA.El-Tarabily,
andSynanF.AbuQamar
FundamentalsofBiosensorApplicationinEnvironmentalPollutant
Monitoring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
VinayPatel,RishiPramod,NamitaKhanna,PrajaktaPawar,
AbhilashaSinghMathuriya,andSoumyaPandit
SustainableRecoveryofResourcesfromIndustrialWastewater:
TrendsinBiotechnologyandAlliedIndustries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
MuthusivaramapandianMuthuraj,BiswanathBhunia,
andAbhijitChatterjee
AccumulationandDetoxificationofMetalsbyPlantsandMicrobes. . . . 359
SomaNagandSwarupBiswas
EnzymaticDegradationofIndustrialWastewaterPollutants. . . . . . . . . 373
SamaA.Al-Mutwalli,SeydaKorkut,MuhammetSametKilic,
andDeryaY.Imer
ExploringtheUseofBiomixturesfortheRemovalofStructurally
DifferentPesticides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
J.M.Saez,A.L.Bigliardo,E.E.Raimondo,G.E.Briceño,
M.A.Polti,andC.S.Benimeli
NovelApproachforBioremediationofPerfluorochemicals(PFCs)
UsingMegasonicSonochemicalReactor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
VitthalL.Gole,Jyoti,andRajeshKumarYadav
Contents vii
MacrophyteImportanceinContaminantTreatment
andBiomonitoring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
H.R.Hadad,M.A.Maine,M.M.Mufarrege,G.A.DiLuca,
G.C.Sanchez,andE.Nocetti
DecontaminationofAqueousHeavyMetalIonsbyValence
RegulationStrategy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453
DongliGuo,FuqiangLiu,FangLi,andYanbiaoLiu
MechanisticInsighttoBioremediationofHazardousMetals
andPesticidesfromWaterBodiesbyMicrobes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
PriyadarshiniDey,DeepakGola,NitinChauhan,RandhirKumarBharti,
andAnushreeMalik
ReuseofWater:AnIntegralApproachforSurvival. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
KomalAgrawalandPradeepVerma
ToxicityofHexavalentChromiumandItsMicrobialDetoxification
ThroughBioremediation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513
SarikaChaturvedi,AradhanaKhare,andS.M.PaulKhurana
About the Editor
Maulin P Shah is a senior scientist in the Environmental Microbiology Lab at
Bharuch, Gujarat, India. He is an active editorial board member in more than 150
highlyreputedjournalsinthefieldofenvironmentalandbiologicalsciences. Heis
on the Advisory Board of CLEAN—Soil, Air, Water (Wiley); editor of Current
Pollution Reports (Springer Nature), Environmental Technology & Innovation
(Elsevier), Current Microbiology (Springer Nature), Journal of Biotechnology &
BiotechnologicalEquipment(Taylor&Francis),Ecotoxicology(MicrobialEcotoxi-
cology)(SpringerNature),andCurrentMicrobiology(SpringerNature);andassoci-
ate editor of GeoMicrobiology (Taylor & Francis) and Applied Water Science
(SpringerNature).Hehasedited50booksintheareasofwastewatermicrobiology
andindustrialwastewatertreatmentwithElsevier,Springer,CRCPress,andNova.
iixx
Aspects of Microbial Biofilms in Water
Treatment
Riddha Dey and Richa Raghuwanshi
Abstract
Globalwatercrisiscreatedduetoincreasingpopulationanditsdemandsneedsto
ascertain proper water management practices. Biofilm, which is a conis the
fundamental unit of atgregation of microbial cells that are irreversibly attached
tothesurfaceandconfinedwithinthematrixofpolysaccharidematerial,playsa
major role in water treatment and reuse technology. A biofilm structure has a
specific architecture that consists of microbial cells and extracellular polymeric
substance provided with an ideal environment for the exchange of genetic
materialbetweencells.Thegrowthandattachmentprocessdependonthegrowth
medium, substratum, and the cell surface. Biofilms are the main component of
membrane bioreactors. The microorganisms present in the biofilms participate
activelyincontaminantbioremediationanddegradetheorganiccontaminantsof
the polluted water. The planktonic-biofilm transition is a highly regulated and
complex process that depends on the phenotypic characteristics of the bacteria
and environmental factors. The microorganisms that help in biofilm formation
havespecificregulatorygenesandcommunicatethroughquorumsensingwhich
inturncaninitiatecertainbiofilmprocessessuchasdetachment.Recently,studies
haveidentifiedthegenesandregulatorycircuitswhichareinvolvedininitialcell
surface interactions, biofilm maturation, detachment, and the conversion of
biofilm microbial cells into planktonic mode of growth. This chapter explores
thewaysofformationandarchitectureofbiofilmsanddealswiththeecologyof
the surface microbes, their growth control mechanisms, and their role in water
reclamationsystem.
R.Dey
DepartmentofBotany,InstituteofScience,BanarasHinduUniversity,Varanasi,India
R.Raghuwanshi(*)
DepartmentofBotany,MahilaMahavidyalaya,BanarasHinduUniversity,Varanasi,India
#SpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2021 1
M.P.Shah(ed.),RemovalofEmergingContaminantsThroughMicrobialProcesses,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5901-3_1
2 R.DeyandR.Raghuwanshi
Keywords
Biofilmarchitectureandecology·Biofilters·Quorumsensing
1 Introduction
Modern civilizations have witnessed the process of rapid industrialization and
urbanization which have not only affected the individual lifestyle and society but
have also modulated the environment. Unlike the positive drive it has on the
economicalandsocialframes,theimpactofbothindustrializationandurbanization
hasadverseeffectonnatureanditspreciousresourcesespeciallytheairandwater.
Sincewaterhasguidedthegrowthofvariousepicalcivilizations,itsimportancein
structuringastablesocietycanneverbeoverlooked.However,thedischargeoftoxic
chemicalsanduntreatedsewagesfromtherapidlygrowingindustriesandcitieshas
contaminatedalargeportionofusablewater,affectingthewaterqualityandhuman
heathatthesametime.Contaminatedwatergenerallyconsistsofindustrial,agricul-
tural, and domestic effluents which may be comprised of detergents, fats, oils,
pesticides,andtracemetalslikelead,cadmium,mercury,nickel,zinc,etc.,making
itunfitfordrinking.Thelackofproperwatertreatmentplantshasalsocontributedto
increased toxicity of water bodies to a large extent. According to the UNESCO
(2017),over80%oftheeffluentsreleasedworldwideinthewaterbodiesarewithout
sufficienttreatment.Moreover,theWHOhasquotedthat40%ofthedeathsand30%
of all the diseases have been resulted due to contaminated water (Kantawanichkul
etal.2009),causingitasaglobalconcerned.
Deteriorationoflifeandhealthqualityduetopollutedwaterandregularassess-
ment of progressive contamination of water bodies by various researchers suggest
theneedoffocusingtowardanecessarycurefortheexistingsituation.Treatmentof
contaminatedwaterbodiesinanefficientwaytoremovetoxinshasgainedattention.
Theprocessofwater purificationstartingwith thefiltrationwasappreciated dueto
its cost-effectiveness andpracticability. However,the useofchemical filtersorthe
contemporaryphysicalmethodshadmanydrawbacks.Theuseofbiologicalknowl-
edge for wastewater treatment was introduced in the year 1893 in England as
trickling filters (Metcalf and Eddy Inc 1991). The concept of utilizing microbial
population for the metabolic degradation of organic wastes and chemicals and
removal of trace metals from the effluents has gradually evolved and is being
commercialized. The pioneering works in this area guided the development of
biofilters and the successful application of biofilms for filtering both polluted air
andwateratindustriallevel.
Initially, the biofilters were developed on slag or rock as filter media; however,
with the latest advancement, an array of filter media are purposefully used for
obtainingrequisitebiomasspreeminenttowardmetabolicdegradationofpollutants.
Progress in the knowledge of biofilms and their effective utilization using array of
support media leads to the development of plastic-based media (bundled plastic
transitiontoexpandedpolystyreneunits)intovariousfixedfilmfiltrationunitsinthe
