Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems: A Human Systems Integration Perspective

277 Pages·2016·19.4 MB·English

by  Nancy J. Cooke

REMOTELY PILOTED
AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS

REMOTELY PILOTED
AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS
A HUMAN SYSTEMS INTEGRATION
PERSPECTIVE
Editedby
NancyJ.Cooke
LeahJ.Rowe
WinstonBennett,Jr.
DeForestQ.Joralmon
Thiseditionfirstpublished2017
2017JohnWiley&SonsLtd
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Names:Cooke,NancyJ.,editor.|Rowe,LeahJ.,editor.|Bennett,Winston,
Jr.,editor.|Joralmon,DeForestQ.,editor.
Title:Remotelypilotedaircraftsystems:ahumansystemsintegration
perspective/[compiledandwrittenby]NancyJCooke,LeahJRowe,
WinstonBennett,Jr,DeForestQJoralmon.
Description:Chichester,WestSussex,UnitedKingdom:JohnWiley&Sons,
Inc.,[2017]|Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
Identifiers:LCCN2016029044(print)|LCCN2016033048(ebook)|ISBN9781118965917(cloth)|
ISBN9781118965887(pdf)|ISBN9781118965894(epub)
Subjects:LCSH:Droneaircraft.|Human-machinesystems.
Classification:LCCUG1242.D7R452016(print)|LCCUG1242.D7(ebook)|DDC
623.74/69–dc23
LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2016029044
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
CoverimagescourtesyofUSArmySgt.HillaryRustine,USAirForceGallery,AFRL/RHAandAeroVironment,Inc.
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1 2017
Table of Contents
Preface vii
AuthorBiographies ix
1 Human Systems Integration for Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems 1
Nancy J. Cooke and Valerie Gawron
2 Evolution of Human Systems Integration for Remotely Piloted
Aircraft Systems 15
Sharon L. Conwell, John E. Stewart, Matthew J. Martin, and
Lawrence G. Shattuck
3 Policy Issues of Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems 40
PhyllisE.Johnson,BarryMilavetz,JohnJayMiller,DeForestQ.Joralmon,and
ZaneBrown
4 Ground Control Systems 63
Valerie J. Gawron, Keven Gambold, Scott Scheff, and Jay Shively
5 Human-Autonomy Collaboration and Coordination Toward
Multi-RPA Missions 109
Gloria L. Calhoun, Michael A. Goodrich, John R. Dougherty, and
Julie A. Adams
6 Selection Methods for Operators of Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems 137
Thomas R. Carretta, Mark R. Rose, and Kenneth T. Bruskiewicz
7 Training Issues for Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems from a Human
Systems Integration Perspective 163
WinstonBennett,Jr.;JohnB.Bridewell,LeahJ.Rowe,ScottyD.Craig,and
Hans M. Poole
vi TableofContents
8 Psychosocial Effects of Remote Operations 177
Nancy J. Cooke, Kristen Barrera, Howard Weiss, and Claude Ezzell
9 Integrating Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems into the National
Airspace System 197
Kelly Neville and Kevin Williams
10 The Path Forward for Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems 223
John P. Riganati and George Harrison
Index 241
Preface
Globally the news media, popular culture and private citizens are sensationalizing “drones.”
The term “drone” alone implies unmanned and autonomous. The reader will note that the
editorsofthisbookwenttogreatlengthstodeemphasizethetermdroneinfavorofthemore
accurate term, Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS). RPAS represent a system of
systemsthatrelyonhumaninputs,interactionsandoperations.RPAShavealsobeenreferred
toasUnmannedAerialSystems(UAS),UnmannedAirVehicles(UAV)andRemotelyPiloted
Aircraft(RPA).WechosetheRPASterminologytoemphasizethattheseaircraftexistwithina
system,anincrediblycomplexsystemofsystems.RemotelyPilotedAircraftSystems:AHuman
SystemsIntegrationPerspectivesetsforthtofusethepracticesofHumanSystemsIntegration
(HSI) with the complexity of RPAS.
For at least a decade, the human factors of RPAS has been the continued focus of a
community of scientists, engineers and practitioners. Their efforts have been highlighted in
various workshops, conferences and books and range from the design of effective ground
control stations to crew coordination, spatial disorientation, supervisory control of multiple
vehicles,sodastrawviewsofcamerafeed,andtrainingandselection.Muchprogresshasbeen
made,butthisprogresshasgivenwaytoadifferent,morecomplexsetofnewHSIproblems.
Forexample,currentpressingissuesincludetheintegrationofRPASintothenationalairspace,
training and certification of civilian pilots, and the exploitation of sensor data from these
platforms and concomitant privacy concerns. We explore these issues in detail in this book.
ManypeopleconfusethedisciplineofHumanFactorswithHSI.HSIismorethanHuman
Factors; it is human-centered systems engineering. Human Factors are typically narrow in
scope and the methods within the discipline are best suited for smaller systems. HSI
encompasses multiple domains. It provides a framework in which human capabilities and
limitations across various dimensions are considered in the context of a dynamic system of
people,technology,environment,tasks,andothersystemswiththeultimategoalofachieving
system resilience and adaptation, approaching joint optimization. The human dimensions
includehuman factors,manpower,training, personnel, safety,survivability, andhabitability.
HSI also considers large multi-layered sociotechnical systems which ismore than just the
RPASasanairvehicle,butincludesthegroundcontrolstationandcrew,therelatedsystemsfor
maintenance, take-off and landing, training, and all embedded in a larger organizational
structuresuchastheDepartmentofDefenseorFederalAviationAdministration.HSIconsiders
simultaneous constraints and interoperability of all layers of the system and complex
interactions. When system development does not consider the larger context even though
viii Preface
developmentof alocalcomponentmaybeoptimized,thelarger systemispoisedfor failure.
For instance, an interface to support control of an RPAS should not be designed without
considerationofthesystemstosupportcommunicationsofitspositionandsensorinformation.
The difficulty is that this kind of systems thinking requires teams of multidisciplinary
individuals working together toward a solution.
Thebookhighlightstheimportanceofthesystemsapproach.Weofferthatsuchconsidera­
tionsoftradeoffs,interactionswithinthesystem,unintendedconsequences,emergentbehav­
iors of complex systems, systems embedded in context, and the reduction of stovepipes are
keystosuccessfulsystemdevelopmentandoperation.Asystemsapproachrequirespersonnel
fromavarietyoffieldstocollaborateandcommunicatetoaccomplishacommongoal–afully
integrated system.
The book also provides a baseline definition for RPAS framed by the tenets of HSI. The
editorsstrivedtoidentifyandcollaboratewiththosemostskilledinboththefieldsofRPASand
HSI.Theauthorsofthechaptershavevariedbackgroundsandexperiencetoincludemilitary
and civilian RPAS operators, industry professionals, governmental agency subject matter
experts,andprofessionalsfromacademia.Ourhopeisthatwiththevastperspectivescovered
inthetextwewillbeabletoshedsomelightontheintricaciesoftheHSIissueswithinRPAS.
The chapters in this book are inter-related and the order of the chapters is deliberate. We
stronglyrecommendstartingwithChapter1asitsetsthetermsofreferenceandthebaselinefor
the entire book and provides important operational definitions that will be referred to
throughout the text. The compilation of this book was a true collaborative effort across
multipledisciplines.Theeditorswouldliketoexpressoursinceregratitudetotheauthorswho
participatedindevelopingthismanuscript.Eachandeverysingleauthorspentcountlesshours
collaboratingwithinandacrossthechapterteams.Theseexpertsintheirrespectivefieldswere
motivated to provide a common operating picture to improve the HSI components of RPAS
today and moving forward.
Wewouldalsoliketothankthefollowingindividualsfortheircontributionsinpreparingthe
manuscript:AmandaAvenoso,GaryRankin,ChristineCovas-Smith,JoAnnHamilton,Rachel
VickhouseandKatherineWongatWiley,andGarimaSinghfromThomsonDigital,wereall
helpful and responsive as we finalized this edition.