Remote Sensing of Hydrological Extremes

255 Pages·2017·9.379 MB·English

by  Lakshmi, Venkataraman (eds.)

Springer Remote Sensing/Photogrammetry
Venkat Lakshmi Editor
Remote
Sensing of
Hydrological
Extremes
Springer Remote Sensing/Photogrammetry
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10182
Venkat Lakshmi
Editor
Remote Sensing of
Hydrological Extremes
Editor
VenkatLakshmi
DepartmentofGeophysics
StanfordUniversity
Stanford,CA,USA
Professor
SchoolofEarth,OceanandEnvironment
UniversityofSouthCarolina
Columbia,SC,USA
ISSN2198-0721 ISSN2198-073X (electronic)
SpringerRemoteSensing/Photogrammetry
ISBN978-3-319-43743-9 ISBN978-3-319-43744-6 (eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-43744-6
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016955245
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Preface
Water is the mostimportant natural resource we possesson the planet. Toomuch
water—floods—cancause tremendous damage bywashing awayroads andbuild-
ings, eroding land, and destroying crops and livestock. Floods often result in the
loss of human lives, and can have huge impacts on national economies when
occurringatlargescales.Attheotherendofthisspectrumaredroughts.Droughts
resultinreducedcropyieldwhenirrigationsourcesareunavailableandrainfallis
theonlysourceofwaterforcrops.
The time scales, inception,and progress offloods anddroughts are completely
different. Whereas floods (specifically flash floods) can happen quickly, droughts
take months and sometimes years to form. In the case of flooding, there is some
advance warning in precipitation forecasts using atmospheric models. In cases of
downstream floods, the flow time from the upper reaches of the catchment to the
lowerreachesandtheoutletofferssomeadvanceleadtime.Inthecaseofdroughts,
thelackofprecipitationcoupledwithhighevapotranspirationisaprescriptionfor
disaster,andthiscouldoccuroverlongperiodsofmonthstoyears.
With rapid advances in computer modeling and observing systems, floods and
droughts can be forecasted and assessed with greater precision today than ever
before.Landsurfacemodels(especiallyovertheentireContinentalUnitedStates)
canmapthehydrologicalcycleatkilometerandsub-kilometerscales.Inthecaseof
smallerareas(nottheentireContinentalUnitedStates),thereisevenhigherspatial
resolution, and the only limiting factor is the availability of input data. In situ
sensors are commonly automated and the data directly relayed to the Internet for
manyhydrologicalvariablessuchasprecipitation,soilmoisture,surfacetempera-
ture,andheatfluxes.Inaddition,satelliteremotesensinghasadvancedtoproviding
daily(orbetter)observationsatkilometerto10-kmspatialscales.
We are at a critical juncture in studying hydrological extremes. The following
featuresmakethisunique.Firstly,inrecentyears,floods(e.g.,inChina,Pakistan,
Thailand,Laos,SouthCarolina,andEasternChina)anddroughts(e.g.,inCalifor-
nia, Australia, and the Asian subcontinent) have centered on extremes involving
water.Waterplaysanimportantroleintheglobaleconomyandthusextremeevents
v
vi Preface
canhavealargeeconomicimpactthatisnotlimitedtoaspecificregionorcountry.
Secondly,therehavebeenmajoradvancesintheglobalmonitoringofprecipitation
and measurement of soil moisture with the launch of the Global Precipitation
Measurement(GPM)missioninFebruary2014.ThisfollowstheTropicalRainfall
Measurement Mission [TRMM] that provided data from 1997 to 2015 for the
measurement of precipitation and the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mis-
sion in January 2015 and the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) in
November 2009. These have been complemented by sensors that monitor vegeta-
tion, surface temperature, and evapotranspiration (Moderate Resolution Imaging
Spectroradiometer—MODIS), and the GravityRecovery and Climate Experiment
(GRACE) that estimates changes in surface and subsurface water storage and
provides a clear picture of the land surface hydrological state. Lastly, we are at
theendofanEl-Ninoeventthataltersthenormalhydrologicalcycle.Thus,thisis
theperfecttimetofocusonmethodstomonitorhydrologicalextremesandprovide
supporttoemergencymanagementusingthelatesttechnology.
Thisbook—RemoteSensingofHydrologicalExtremes:DroughtsandFloods—
provides an overview of the current state of the science on the monitoring of
droughts and floods using remote sensing. The various chapters in the book span
the diversity of geographical locations and satellite sensors and analyze methods
for studying these extreme events. Droughts and floods are studied in Brazil, the
CongoRiverBasinofAfrica,theMekongRiverBasin,theMagdalenaRiverBasin
inColumbia,SouthAmerica,andvariouslocationsinUnitedStates.Newtoolsand
analyses have been developed to map floods, and these will prove valuable for
recovery and rebuilding efforts. Analyses of the dependence of land surface vari-
ables in spatial and temporal propagation help to predict droughts. Both of these
analyses(floodsanddroughts)areofvalueforfutureland-useplanning.
This book will serve as a reference for students, teachers, practicing hydrolo-
gists,agriculturescientists,engineers,andthoseinvolvedinwaterandemergency
managementandintheconstructionandinsuranceindustry.
Watercanbeablessingoracurse...predictabilityofwaterinafloodandlackof
waterinadroughtisbothascientificproblemandasocietalnecessity.
Stanford,CA VenkatLakshmi
July2016
Acknowledgements
Venkat Lakshmi was awarded the Cox Visiting Fellowship for the 2015–2016
academic year by the School of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences,
StanfordUniversity.
Funding from the NASA Applied Sciences Program—Water Resources Appli-
cations,ProgramManagerBradleyD.Doornisgratefullyacknowledged.
vii
Contents
PartI Floods
1 Satellite-BasedEstimationofWaterDischargeandRunoff
intheMagdalenaRiver,NorthernAndesofColombia. . . . . . . . . 3
RoggerEscobarC.,JuanD.Restrepo,G.RobertBrakenridge,
andAlbertJ.Kettner
2 RemoteSensingofDriversofSpringSnowmelt
FloodingintheNorthCentralU.S.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
SamuelE.Tuttle,EunsangCho,PedroJ.Restrepo,XinhuaJia,
CarrieM.Vuyovich,MichaelH.Cosh,andJenniferM.Jacobs
3 TheNASAGlobalFloodMappingSystem:FinalDraft. . . . . . . . 47
F.Policelli,DanSlayback,BobBrakenridge,JoeNigro,
AlfredHubbard,BenZaitchik,MarkCarroll,andHahnJung
4 CongoFloodplainHydraulicsusingPALSARInSAR
andEnvisatAltimetryData. .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. 65
TingYuan,HyongkiLee,andHahnChulJung
5 OpticalandPhysicalMethodsforMappingFlooding
withSatelliteImagery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
JessicaFayne,JohnBolten,VenkatLakshmi,andAakashAhamed
6 NearReal-TimeFloodMonitoringandImpact
AssessmentSystems. . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. 105
AakashAhamed,JohnBolten,ColinDoyle,andJessicaFayne
PartII Droughts
7 RemoteSensingofDrought:Vegetation,SoilMoisture,
andDataAssimilation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
AliAhmadalipour,HamidMoradkhani,HongxiangYan,
andMahkamehZarekarizi
ix
x Contents
8 DroughtMonitoringandAssessmentUsing
RemoteSensing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Z.Su,Y.He,X.Dong,andL.Wang
9 AFrameworkforAssessingSoilMoistureDeficitand
CropWaterStressatMultipleSpaceandTimeScales
UnderClimateChangeScenariosUsingModelPlatform,
SatelliteRemoteSensing,andDecisionSupportSystem. . . . . . . . 173
BinayakP.Mohanty,AmorV.M.Ines,YongchulShin,
NanditaGaur,NarendraDas,andRaghavendraJana
10 MonitoringDroughtinBrazilbyRemoteSensing. . . . . . . . . . . . 197
VitorPaivaAlcoforadoRebello,AugustoGetirana,
VenkatLakshmi,andOttoCorreˆaRotunnoFilho
11 Multi-SensorRemoteSensingofDroughtfromSpace. . . . . . . . . 219
M.Sadegh,C.Love,A.Farahmand,A.Mehran,M.J.Tourian,
andA.AghaKouchak
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Contributors
Aakash Ahamed, M.Sc. Hydrological Sciences Laboratory, NASA Goddard
SpaceFlightCenter,Greenbelt,MD,USA
A.AghaKouchak UniversityofCalifornia,Irvine,CA,USA
AliAhmadalipour,M.S. RemoteSensingandWaterResourcesLab,Department
ofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering, PortlandStateUniversity,Portland,OR,
USA
John Bolten Hydrological Sciences Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight
Center,Greenbelt,MD,USA
G. Robert Brakenridge Dartmouth Flood Observatory, Community Surface
DynamicsModellingSystem,UniversityofColorado,Boulder,CO,USA
Bob Brakenridge, Ph.D. CDSMS/INSTAAR, University of Colorado, Boulder,
CO,USA
Rogger Escobar C. Department of Earth Sciences, School of Sciences, EAFIT
University,Medell´ın,Colombia
Mark Carroll, B.S., M.P.S., Ph.D. SSAI and Biospheric Sciences Laboratory,
NASAGSFC,Greenbelt,MD,USA
Eunsang Cho, M.S. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
UniversityofNewHampshire,Durham,NH,USA
Michael H. Cosh, Ph.D. USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD,
USA
NarendraDas JetPropulsionLaboratory,NASA,Pasadena,CA,USA
X.Dong,Ph.D. ChinaThreeGorgesUniversity,Yichang,Hubei,P.R.China
ColinDoyle DepartmentofGeographyandtheEnvironment,UniversityofTexas
atAustin,Austin, TX,USA
xi