Remote sensing handbook for tropical coastal management

328 Pages·2000·3.78 MB·English

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Coastal management sourcebooks 3
Other titles in this series:
1 Coping with beach erosion
2 Underwater archaeology and coastal management
Remote Sensing Handbook
for Tropical Coastal Management
Edmund P. Green, Peter J. Mumby
Alasdair J. Edwards and Christopher D. Clark
Edited by Alasdair J. Edwards
UNESCO PUBLISHING
Department forInternational Development
DFID is the British Government department responsible for promoting development and the reduction of poverty.
The policy of the Government was set out in a White Paper on International Development published in November
1997. The central focus of the policy is a commitment to the internationally agreed targets to halve the proportion
of people living in extreme poverty by 2015 together with the associated targets including basic health care provision
and universal access to primary education by the same date. DFID seeks to work in partnership with governments
which are committed to the international targets and also seeks to work with business, civil society and the research
community to encourage progress which will help reduce poverty. DFID also works with multilateral institutions
including the World Bank, United Nations agencies and the European Commission.
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
UNESCO promotes international cooperation in natural and social sciences, culture, communication and education
in an effort to ‘build the defenses of peace in the minds of humanity’. Such co-operation benefits from the
Organization’s capacity to integrate action from these different domains, for example, utilizing its Coastal Regions
and Small Islands (CSI) initiative, launched in 1996. On the CSI platform, over 20 intersectoral pilot projects
have been initiated involving some 60 countries, uniting decision-makers, local communities, cultural heritage experts,
scientists and others. Interlinked UNESCO Chairs foster interdisciplinary training and capacity building for
environmentally sustainable, socially equitable and culturally appropriate coastal development. On the basis of
lessons learnt so far, a preliminary set of ‘wise practices’are being elaborated and widely disseminated. One such
practice is to provide easy access to useful resource material; this publication is a prime example.
The designations employed and the presentation of
the material in this document do not imply the expression
of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the UNESCO
Secretariat concerning the legal status of any country,
territory, city or area or of their authorities, or concerning
the delimitation of their frontiers or boundaries. The ideas
and opinions expressed are those of the contributors
to this report and do not necessarily represent the views
of the Organization.
Published in 2000 by the United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization
7, place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP
Cover design:Jean-Francis Chériez
Printed by Corlet, Imprimeur, S.A.,
14110 Condé-sur-Noireau
ISBN 92-3-103736-6
©UNESCO 2000
k
Foreword
Interactions between the coastal environment and the line data against which the impacts of natural and anthro-
peoplewho use its resources are still poorly understood. pogenic changes can be measured has been a significant
In the developing countries many of these people are poor. constraint to effective planning.
Demographic changes and economic development The challenges presented by these factors are huge and
have increased demands on coastal resources. More they will only be tackled through working in effective
people than ever are generating at least part of a liveli- partnerships at all levels, but particularly between the
hood from activities which directly affect, or are affected development agencies.
by, changes in the coastal environment. This Handbookis one of the products of a successful
As these pressures grow, resource-use conflicts in partnership between UNESCO and the United Kingdom
coastal regions could result in increased environmental Department for International Development (DFID). It
degradation and social inequality. In such conditions the attempts to match user need to the level of technology
livelihoods of poor people will be vulnerable. Extractive required for planning and monitoring. The information
uses for food, income generation, medicines and building presented seeks to close the gap between managers
materials and non-extractive uses for tourism continue to objectives/expectations and what can be realistically
degrade coastal ecosystems. The widespread death of achieved in an operational context. It provides clear guid-
corals following global bleaching events in 1998 have ance on the reliability, accuracy and cost of applications.
further aggravated these pressures. Effective recommendations are provided to inform
Although the present decade has witnessed substantial coastal management initiatives and projects supporting
investment in environmental institutions, coastal man- sustainable livelihoods in coastal communities.
agement planning has remained largely empirical with lit- We hope this Handbook will be a valuable reference
tle detailed analysis of environmental components and and provide practical guidance for all who work towards
their reaction to natural variation or resource use. The the goal of the sustainable and wise use of resources in
absence of effective monitoring systems to generate base- coastal regions.
ANDREW J. BENNETT
Chief Natural Resources Adviser
Department for International Development
London
DIRK G. TROOST
Chief, Environment and development
in coastal regions and in small islands
UNESCO
Paris
Editor’s note
The field of remote sensing is fast evolving, with new how the usefulness and cost-effectiveness of the new sen-
satellites being launched and new sensors developed sors may be assessed.
every year. Inevitably any book on the subject is slightly Although specific costs (e.g. those stated in Chapter 5
out-of-date as soon as it is written. The Handbook sum- for various remote sensing products) may change, the
marises the state-of-play in terms of operational use of type of information that needs to be gathered and com-
remote sensing in coastal management applications in pared in order to decide which sensor may be most appro-
1998/1999. Since the bulk of it was written, several priate for user objectives, remains the same. Akey aim of
important satellites, which will influence the application the Handbookis to allow users to take the methodologies
of remote sensing to coastal management problems, have outlined here and apply these in their own countries for
been launched. These include Landsat 7 carrying the their own objectives and thus be less reliant on outside
Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+), the Sea-viewing inputs. With the rapid development of PC computing
Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) for ocean colour power and decrease in the cost of appropriate hardware
mapping, SPOT4 with the new High Resolution Visible and software, this is becoming a more achievable goal
and Infra-Red (HRVIR) sensor, IKONOS 2 with its 1 m every year. To allow users to stay abreast of new develop-
panchromatic and 4 m multispectral image data ments in the field we have included many URLs to key
(www.ersi.bc.ca/ikonos.html), and the Indian Remote web sites both in the text and in Appendix 1.
Sensing satellite IRS-1D with improved panchromatic The authors hope that the Handbookproves a valuable
spatial resolution of around 5 m. Apart from IKONOS 2 sourcebook to all involved in managing coastal resources
which was launched in late September 1999, these sensors or planning remote sensing campaigns to assist coastal
are all discussed in the text but the implications of recent management initiatives. Whilst every attempt has been
sensor developments and changes in pricing have yet to made to ensure the accuracy of the information presented,
be evaluated fully for coastal management applications. in such a wide ranging book some errors or omissions are
However, the protocols used to evaluate the range of sen- bound to have crept in, and I apologise in advance if such
sors discussed in the Handbookprovide guidelines as to are found.
ALASDAIR EDWARDS
vii
Foreword
Acknowledgements
This Handbookwould not have been possible without the International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Man-
generous help of the following people and organisations agement, Manila; Bob Clarke, Plymouth Marine Labora-
and we are extremely grateful to them for their time, tory; The Groundbusters Corporation; Jean-Pierre Angers,
advice, help or useful discussions. We thank: the Min- Centre University Saint-Louis-Maillet; Clive Anderson
istry of Natural Resources of the Turks and Caicos and Coomaren Vencatasawmy, University of Sheffield
Islands for logistical assistance during our fieldwork and (for statistical advice); Ian Sotheran and Rob Walton,
in particular Christie Hall, Chris Ninnes, Paul Medley, SeaMap, University of Newcastle; Agneta Nilsson and
Perry Seymore and John Ewing; the Environment Lieven Bydekerke UNEPEAF/14 Programme and other
Research Programme of the UK Department for Interna- attendees of the UNEP-IOC Seagrass Assessment Work-
tional Development for funding the research; Hugo shop in Zanzibar, 1997; Mick Sharp for his patient refor-
Matus, Janet Gibson and David Vousden, UNDP/GEF matting of the book from Word into QuarkXPress; Judy
Coastal Zone Management Project, Belize; Herb Ripley Preece for preparing some thirty figures.
and Ariel Geomatics Incorporated; Angie Ellis; School
for Field Studies, South Caicos; Alastair Harborne, Peter
Raines, Jon Ridley and Coral Cay Conservation Ltd; all The book was pageset by Mick Sharp in QuarkXPress and
respondents to questionnaire on use of remote sensing for Figures 1.1, 3.2-3.5, 5.7-5.8, 5.10, 5.15-5.17, 6.3-6.7, 7.1,
tropical coastal zone management; the Belize Fisheries 7.3, 7.5, 8.1, 9.1-9.4, 10.3, 10.6-10.7, 11.2, 11.9-11.10,
Department; John Turner, University of North Wales; 15.1, 16.1 and 19.1 were drawn by Judy Preece based on
Charles Sheppard, University of Warwick; John McManus, the sources acknowledged.
Contributors
Production of the Handbookwas a team effort by the four
authors. Alasdair Edwards had overall editorial control
and oversaw production of the figures and plates. The lead
authors on each section are listed in the Table of Contents
along with the other members of the project team who had
a significant input to those sections. Any queries on indi-
vidual sections should be directed to the lead author of the
section, at the addresses listed below.
The book should be cited as:
Green, E. P., Mumby, P.J., Edwards, A. J., Clark, C. D.,
(Ed. A. J. Edwards), 2000. Remote Sensing Handbook
for Tropical Coastal Management. Coastal Management
Sourcebooks 3, UNESCO, Paris. x + 316pp.
Addresses
EDMUND P. GREEN
Centre for Tropical Coastal Management Studies,
Department of Marine Sciences and Coastal Management,
University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK.
Present address:World Conservation Monitoring Centre,
219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK.
PETER J. MUMBY
Sheffield Centre for Earth Observation Science,
Department of Geography, University of Sheffield,
Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
Present address: Department of Marine Sciences and Coastal
Management, University of Newcastle,
Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK.
ALASDAIR J. EDWARDS
Centre for Tropical Coastal Management Studies,
Department of Marine Sciences and Coastal Management,
University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK.
CHRISTOPHER D. CLARK
Sheffield Centre for Earth Observation Science,
Department of Geography, University of Sheffield,
Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
Table of Contents
How to Use this Handbook 1
A. Edwards
Guidelines for Busy Decision Makers 5
A. Edwards
Background to the Research behind the Handbook 17
E. Green, A. Edwards
Part 1: Remote Sensing for Coastal Managers: an Introduction 23
Chapter 1. Introduction to Remote Sensing of Coastal Environments 25
A. Edwards
Chapter 2. Remote Sensing Objectives of Coastal Managers 31
P. Mumby, A. Edwards
Chapter 3. Satellite and Airborne Sensors Useful in Coastal Applications 41
E. Green
Chapter 4. Field Survey: Building the Link between Image and Reality 57
P. Mumby, E. Green
Part 2: The Acquisition, Correction and Calibration of Remotely Sensed Data 67
Chapter 5. Acquisition of Remotely Sensed Imagery 69
P. Mumby, E. Green
Chapter 6. Geometric Correction of Satellite and Airborne Imagery 93
E. Green, C. Clark, A. Edwards
Chapter 7. Radiometric Correction of Satellite and Airborne Images 109
P. Mumby, C. Clark
Chapter 8. Water Column Correction Techniques 121
P. Mumby, A. Edwards
Part 3: Habitat Classification and Mapping 129
Chapter 9. Methodologies for Defining Habitats 131
P. Mumby
Chapter 10. Image Classification and Habitat Mapping 141
E. Green, C. Clark, A. Edwards
Chapter 11. Mapping Coral Reefs and Macroalgae 155
P. Mumby, E. Green