Table Of ContentRemote Sensing Applications in Meteorology
and Climatology
NATO ASI Series
Advanced Science Institutes Series
A series presentmg the results of activities sponsored by the NA TO Science Committee,
which aims at the dissemination of advanced scientific and technological knowledge,
with a view to strengthening Imks between scientific communilies.
The series IS published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with the
NATO Scientific Affairs DIvision
A Life SCiences Plenum Publishing Corporation
B Physics London and New York
C Mathematical D. Reidel Publishing Company
and Physical Sciences Dordrecht, Boston, Lancaster and Tokyo
D Behavioural and Social Sciences Martinus Nijhoff Publishers
E Engineering and Dordrecht, Boston and Lancaster
Materials Sciences
F Computer and Systems Sciences Springer-Verlag
G Ecological Sciences Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, London,
H Cell Biology Paris, and Tokyo
Series C: Mathematical and Physical Sciences Vol. 201
Remote Sensing Applications in
Meteorology and Climatology
edited by
Robin A. Vaughan
Carnegie Laboratory of Physics,
University of Dundee, Scotland, U.K.
D. Reidel Publishing Company
Dordrecht / Boston / Lancaster / Tokyo
Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on
Remote Sensing Applications in Meteorology and Climatology
Dundee, Scotland
August 17 -September 6, 1986
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
NATO Advanced Study Institute on Remote Sensing Applications in Meteorology and
Climatology (1986: Dundee, Tayside)
Remote sensing applications in meteorology and climatology.
(NATO ASI series. Series C, Mathematical and physical sciences; vol. 201)
"Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Remote Sensing Applications in
Meteorology and Climatology, Dundee, Scotland, August 17-8eptember 6, 1986"-CIP t.p.
verso.
"Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division."
Includes Index.
1. Meteorology-Remote sensing--Congresses. 2. Climatology-Remote
sensing--Congresses. I. Vaughan, R. A. (Robin Antony) II. ntle. III. Series:
NATO ASI series. Series C, Mathematical and·physical sciences; vol. 201.
QC871.N34 1986 551.5 87-9492
ISBN-13: 978-94-010-8225-9 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-3881-6
001: 10.1007/978-94-009-3881-6
Published by D. Reidel Publishing Company
PO. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, Holland
Sold and distributed In the U.S.A and Canada
by Kluwer AcademiC Publishers,
101 Philip Drive, Asslnippi Park, Norwell, MA 02061, U.SA
In all other countries, sold and distributed
by Kluwer Academic Publishers Group,
PO Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, Holland
D. Reidel Publishing Company is a member of the Kluwer Academic Publishers Group
All Rights Reserved
© 1987 by D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland
and copyrightholders as specified on appropriate pages within.
Solico\er reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1987
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized
in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording
or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the
copyright owner
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Director's preface ix
Organisation xi
Editor's note xv
Introduation
1 R.S. Scorer Cloud Formations Seen by Satellite 1
2 M.J. Duggin Factors Affecting Feature Differentiation:
The Impact and Source of Variance in
the Upwelling Radiance Field 19
3 M.J. Duggin The Physical Principles Controlling the
Remote Sensing Process 33
4 M.J. Duggin ~ensors to Record Atmospheric and
Terrestrial Information: Principles of
Collection and Analysis 51
5 P.E. Baylis Data Reception, Archiving and
Distribution 69
6 G.E. Peckham Microwave Instruments and Methods 87
7 N.J. Mulder Image Processing, Pattern Recognition
and Artificial Intelligence 107
qperationaZ AppZications
8 F.-S. Olesen Vertical Sounding from Satellite 155
9 J. Pailleux The Impact of Satellite Data on Global
Numerical Weather Prediction 173
10 K.A. Browning Use of Radar and Satellite Imagery for
the Measurement and Short-Term Prediction
of Rainfall in the United Kingdom 189
vi TABLE OF CONTENTS
Research Applications
11 J .A. Pyle The Application of Remote Sensing Data
in Atmospheric Chemistry 209
12 R. Reynolds Studies of Synoptic and Mesoscale
Atmospheric Features from Satellites 217
13 G. Warnecke The Visualisation of the Ceaseless
Atmosphere 245
14 G. Warnecke et at Information Extraction from
Meteorological Satellite Image
Sequences 259
15 C. zick Cloud Motion Analysis of Cyclones
within Cold Air Masses 285
16 E. Liljas Multispectral Classification of Cloud,
Fog and Haze 301
Air-Sea Interactions
17 H. Charnock The Ocean and the Atmosphere 321
18 T.H. Guymer Remote Sensing of Sea-Surface Winds 327
Climatology
19 A. Henderson-Sellers Cloud Climatologies from Space and
and K. McGuffie Applications to Climate Modelling 359
20 K. McGuffie and Climatology from Space: Data Sets for
A. Henderson-Sellers Climate Monitoring and Climate Modelling 375
21 H. Mannstein Surface Energy Budget, Surface
Temperature and Thermal Inertia 391
FutUX'e Systems
22 K. Muirhead and The Along-track Scanning Radiometer
D. Eccles with Microwave Sounder 411
23 D.A. Bateman and Plans for ERS-l Data Acquisition,
A. Haskell Processing and Distribution 425
24 D.D. Hardy Remote Sensing in the Space Station 441
and Columbus Programmes
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
Index 451
Colour Section 469
List of Participants 477
DIRECTOR'S PREFACE
This was the fourth postgraduate summer school on remote sensing
to be held in Dundee. These summer schools were originated by, and
continue to remain in, the programme of EARSel (European Association
of Remote Sensing Laboratories) Working Group 3 on Education and
Training in Remote Sensing. The first of these summer schools was held
in 1980 on "Remote Sensing in Meteorology, Oceanography and Hydrology".
This was followed in 1982 by a more specialised summer school on
"Remote Sensing Applications in Marine Science and Technology" which
built on the foundation laid in 1980 and then concentrated on the
marine applications of remote sensing techniques. The present summer
school was another follow-up of the original 1980 summer school but
this time concentrating on the atmospheric rather than the marine
applications of remote sensing techniques. The 1984 summer school had
not specifically involved atmospheric and marine applications but had
been involved with the use of remote sensing in the field of civil
engineering.
This year's summer school was extremely successful. First of all,
this was due to our sponsors, for without their very significant
material contributions there would have been no summer school. These
sponsors included the Scientific Affairs Division of NATO, together
with the European Association of Remote Sensing Laboratories, the
Council of Europe, the European Space Agency, the German Aerospace
Establishment (DFVLR) and the Natural Environment Research Council.
Secondly, we were extremely fortunate in that all our lecturers had
taken great care in preparing their material and their presentations
were clear and coherent without the plethora of mathematical equations
which of tern swamps the blackboard on such occasions. Thirdly we had a
very enthusiastic group of participants who, right from the very first
lecture, showed their keen interest by endlessly asking questions of
the lecturers. Moreover, the scientific discussions were frequently
carried on into the coffee breaks and even into some of the social
events. Several participants had travelled very large distances, even
from the antipodes in one or two cases, just to come to Dundee for this
event. Fourthly the staff of West Park Hall did everything in their
power to provide for the comfort of our visitors. Finally, the success
was especially due to the very hard work put in by all the members of
the organising committee and by the secretarial and technical staff of
the Physics Department of Dundee University; all of them went far
beyond the call of duty and I am very grateful to them all for their
efforts.
ix
x DIRECfOR'S PREFACE
Sometimes I am asked why we go to all the effort of running
summer schools like this. I think, for myself, the answer must be that
I feel that they provide a unique opportunity for young people drawn
from many different countries but having a common scientific interest
to meet together and learn both from some of the leading experts in
their subject and from their contacts with one another. For myself,
I gain considerable satisfaction from helping to provide these
opportunities. Many useful contacts within the remote sensing
community owe their origins to a first meeting at a Dundee summer
school. I very much hope that we shall all be able to survive to
continue this good work for some years to come yet.
Arthur P. Cracknell
December 1986
ORGANISATION
Organising Committee
Professor A.P. Cracknell, Director
Dr. W.M. Young, Secretary
Dr. R.A. Vaughan, Treasurer
Dr. A. Henderson-Sellers
Mr. R. Reynolds
Dr. P.A. Davies
Dr. A.O. Tooke (Social Programme)
Mr. G.R. Whyte (Technical Arrangements)
Demonstrating, Secretarial and Technical Assistance
Mr. K.J. Arbuthnott
Mr. I.M. Ballingall
Mr.!. Coker
Miss P. Cracknell
Mr. M. C. Dobson
Mr. I. Durajczyk
Mr. J.H. Evans
Mr. L. Hayes
Mr. D.P. Lantz
Miss J.N. Low
Mr. K.G. Miller
Miss L.J. Smithurst
Mrs. C.L Stewart
Mrs. M.M. Young
xi
