Table Of ContentRemaking the Readymade
Replication and originality are central concepts in the artistic oeuvres of Marcel
Duchamp and Man Ray. Remaking the Readymade reveals the underlying and
previously unexplored processes and rationales for the collaboration between
Duchamp, Man Ray, and Arturo Schwarz on the replication of readymades and
objects.
The 1964 editioned replicas of the readymades sent shock waves through the art
world. Even though the replicas undermined ideas of authorship and rendered the
notion of identity and the artist problematic, they paradoxically shared in the aura
of the originals, becoming stand-ins for the readymades. Scholar-poet-dealer Arturo
Schwarz played a crucial role, opening the door to joint or alternate authorship –
an outstanding relationship between artist and dealer. By unearthing previously
unpublished correspondence and documentary materials, and combining this material
with newly conducted exclusive interviews with key participants, Remaking the
Readymade details heretofore unexplored aspects of the technical processes involved
in the (re)creation of iconic, long-lost Dada objects.
Launched on the heels of the centenary of Duchamp’s Fountain, this new analysis
intensifies and complicates our understanding of Duchamp and Man Ray’s initial
conceptions, and raises questions about replication and authorship that will stimulate
significant debate about the legacy of the artists, the continuing significance of their
works, and the meaning of terms such as creativity, originality, and value in the
formation of art.
Adina Kamien-Kazhdan, PhD, is David Rockefeller Senior Curator, The Stella
Fischbach Department of Modern Art at The Israel Museum, Jerusalem.
Studies in Surrealism
Series Editor: Gavin Parkinson, The Courtauld Institute of Art
With scholarly interest in Surrealism greater than ever, Studies in Surrealism serves as
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Sacred Surrealism, Dissidence and International Avant-Garde Prose
Vivienne Brough-Evans
Appropriated Photographs in French Surrealist Periodicals, 1924–1939
Linda Steer
Angela Carter and Surrealism
‘A Feminist Libertarian Aesthetic’
Anna Watz
A Surrealist Stratigraphy of Dorothea Tanning’s Chasm
Catriona McAra
Surrealism and the Gothic
Castles of the Interior
Neil Matheson
Remaking the Readymade
Duchamp, Man Ray, and the Conundrum of the Replica
Adina Kamien-Kazhdan
André Breton in Exile
The Poetics of “Occultation,” 1941–1947
Victoria Clouston
Remaking the Readymade
Duchamp, Man Ray, and the Conundrum
of the Replica
Adina Kamien-Kazhdan
First published 2018
by Routledge
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© 2018 Adina Kamien-Kazhdan
The right of Adina Kamien-Kazhdan to be identified as author of this work has
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Designs and Patents Act 1988.
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ISBN: 978-1-4724-7816-0 (hbk)
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Contents
List of illustrations vii
Acknowledgements xii
Introduction: Challenging originality, authenticity, and authorship 1
PART I
Replication in the 20th century and the Galleria Schwarz 19
1 Replication in the 20th century: Motivations, terms, and issues 21
Replication: terms and definitions 21
Replication: why and when? 23
Multiples of the 1950s and 1960s: new initiatives of artists and
dealers 35
The replica’s aura: legal and theoretical questions 43
2 Galleria Schwarz 50
Arturo Schwarz: from Alexandria to Milan 50
The Libreria-Galleria Schwarz 52
Views on Dada and Surrealism 56
Schwarz, Breton, and Trotsky 58
Judaism, Kabbalah, and alchemy 61
Collection and donation 62
PART II
Replication in the oeuvre of Duchamp and Man Ray 67
3 Duchamp: “Not an original in the conventional sense” 69
Duchamp and the readymade 70
Duchamp and replication 80
Duchamp replicators 1950–1966 86
vi Contents
4 Man Ray’s “Objects of My Affection” 110
Multiform Man Ray 110
Exhibitions and reputation 112
“Objects of My Affection”: dreams and plastic poetry 120
The Duchamp–Man Ray creative exchange 128
Replication of Man Ray’s objects pre-Schwarz 130
PART III
Commissioning and fabrication of the editioned replicas 139
5 Mirrorical return: Marcel Duchamp’s editioned readymades 141
Duchamp and Schwarz 142
Initial joint projects: the erotic objects 145
Exhibitions at the Galleria Schwarz and commissioning
of replicas 147
Making the editioned replicas 159
Case-by-case analysis of the 1964–65 editions 166
Conclusions 192
6 The “Indestructible” Man Ray 200
Man Ray and Schwarz: The Rigour of Imagination 201
Exhibitions at the Galleria Schwarz and commissioning
of replicas 201
The replication process 210
1963–64 editioned replicas 212
Other editors of Man Ray’s objects 230
Conclusions 247
7 Reception of the editioned replicas 257
Duchamp: the value of the readymade and its replicas 257
Critical reception of the 1964 editions 260
Impact on artists and scholarship 265
Art market history and museum purchasing policies 267
Conclusions 289
Conclusion 299
Bibliography 307
I Unpublished correspondence 307
II Interviews 318
III General 320
IV List of Arturo Schwarz publications (books, essays, and poetry) 336
Index 343
Illustrations
Text
I.1 Marcel Duchamp, Comb (Peigne), New York, 11 a.m.,
February 17, 1916 4
I.2 Marcel Duchamp, Fountain, New York, April 1917 5
I.3 Photograph of lost original Hat Rack (along with In Advance of the
Broken Arm and Fountain) suspended from ceiling of Duchamp’s
studio at 33 West 67th Street, ca. 1917–18, later retouched by Duchamp 5
I.4 Marcel Duchamp, 50 cc of Paris Air, 1919 6
I.5 Marcel Duchamp, Why Not Sneeze Rose Sélavy?, New York, 1921 6
I.6 Man Ray, Gift (Cadeau), 1921 9
I.7 Man Ray, Target (Mire universelle), 1933 9
I.8 Man Ray, Torso (Torse), Paris, 1936 10
I.9 Man Ray, Monument to the Unknown Painter (Monument au
peintre inconnu), Paris, 1955 10
I.10 Man Ray, French Ballet I (Ballet Français I), Paris, 1956 11
1.1 Marcel Duchamp, Optical Disks (Rotoreliefs), 1935; Galleria
Schwarz editioned replica, Milan, 1965 39
1.2 Man Ray, Lampshade, lost original 1919; Edition MAT multiple 1959 39
2.1 The Culture bookshop, Alexandria, 1947 51
2.2 Arturo Schwarz in his bookshop, Alexandria, 1947 52
2.3 Facade of the Libreria Schwarz, Milan 53
2.4 Duchamp and Schwarz in the Galleria Schwarz, Milan, March 1964 55
2.5 Man Ray exhibition opening, Galleria Schwarz, Milan, March 1964 55
2.6 Marcel Duchamp and Man Ray, Dust Breeding (Elevage de
Poussiére), Paris, 1920; reprinted 1964 56
3.1 Marcel Duchamp, Miniature papier-mâché and inter-positive
versions of Fountain, 1938; Replicas for the Boîte-en-valise 85
3.2 Marcel Duchamp, Fountain, 1917; New York, 1950, unique replica
selected by Sidney Janis at request of the artist 88
3.3 Marcel Duchamp, Bicycle Wheel (Roue de bicyclette), lost original
1913; New York, 1951, unique replica assembled by the artist 89
3.4 Marcel Duchamp, In Advance of the Broken Arm (En avance du
bras cassé), lost original 1915; 1945 unique replica purchased by
Duchamp for the Société Anonyme exhibition 92
3.5 Marcel Duchamp, Bottle Rack (Porte-Bouteilles), late 1958–early
1959; readymade: replica of lost 1914 original, signed 1960 95
viii Illustrations
3.6 Marcel Duchamp, Fountain (Fontaine), lost original 1917; unique
replica by Ulf Linde, Stockholm, 1963 97
3.7 Julian Wasser, Marcel Duchamp and Walter Hopps in the Duchamp
retrospective at the Pasadena Art Museum, 1963 100
4.1 Man Ray, Gift (Cadeau), lost original 1921; unique replica 1958 114
4.2 Man Ray, What We All Lack (Ce qui manque à nous tous), lost
original 1927; unique replica by Man Ray, 1936 117
4.3 Man Ray, Maquette for the book Objects of My Affection, 1944 120
4.4 Man Ray, New York, destroyed original 1920; Studio Marconi
editioned replica made by Treillard, 1973 122
5.1a Installation photograph of the exhibition “Homage to Marcel
Duchamp,” Galleria Schwarz, Milan, 1964 150
5.1b Installation photograph of the exhibition “Homage to Marcel
Duchamp,” Galleria Schwarz, Milan, 1964 151
5.2 Installation photograph of the exhibition “Homage to Marcel
Duchamp,” Galleria Schwarz, Milan, 1964 151
5.3 Marcel Duchamp, Mirrorical Return (Renvoi miroirique), cover
image for the catalogue Marcel Duchamp, Ready-Mades, etc.
(1913–64), 1964 154
5.4 Installation photograph of the exhibition “Marcel Duchamp,”
Gimpel Fils gallery, London, December 1964–January 1965 157
5.5 Marcel Duchamp, Bicycle Wheel, lost original 1913; Galleria
Schwarz editioned replica, Milan, 1964 (number 8/8) 167
5.6a Working drawing (stool) for editioned replica of Marcel Duchamp,
Bicycle Wheel 168
5.6b Working drawing (fork) for editioned replica of Marcel Duchamp,
Bicycle Wheel 169
5.7 Diagram of elements of Marcel Duchamp, 3 Standard Stoppages,
prepared by the Museum of Modern Art, New York, for the Galleria
Schwarz editioned replica, August 1964 171
5.8 Marcel Duchamp, Bottlerack, original 1914; Galleria Schwarz
editioned replica, 1964, Milan (Ex. Rrose) 173
5.9 Working drawing for editioned replica of Marcel Duchamp, Bottlerack 174
5.10 Working drawing for editioned replica of Marcel Duchamp, In
Advance of the Broken Arm 176
5.11 Diagram of Marcel Duchamp, Comb with inscriptions prepared by
The Philadelphia Museum of Art for the preparation of the Galleria
Schwarz editioned replica, July 1964 177
5.12 Prototype/Artist’s proof for Galleria Schwarz editioned replica of
Marcel Duchamp, With Hidden Noise (À bruit secret), Milan, 1964 178
5.13 Interim state of editioned replica of Marcel Duchamp, Apolinère
Enameled, Milan, 1965 181
5.14 Marcel Duchamp, Fountain, lost original 1917; Galleria Schwarz
editioned replica, Milan, 1964 (number 8/8) 183
5.15a Working drawing (plan) for editioned replica of Marcel Duchamp,
Fountain 184
5.15b Working drawing (front view) for editioned replica of Marcel
Duchamp, Fountain 184
Illustrations ix
5.15c Working drawing (section) for editioned replica of Marcel
Duchamp, Fountain 185
5.16 Terracotta model for editioned replica of Marcel Duchamp, Fountain 185
5.17 Working drawing for editioned replica of Marcel Duchamp,
Hat Rack 188
5.18 Marcel Duchamp, Paris Air, original 1919; Galleria Schwarz
editioned replica, Milan, 1964 (number 8/8) 189
6.1 Man Ray, Gift (Cadeau), lost original 1921; Galleria Schwarz
editioned replica, Milan, 1963 214
6.2 Man Ray, Instructions for assembling Obstruction, 1964 216
6.3 Man Ray, The Enigma of Isidore Ducasse (L’énigme d’Isidore
Ducasse), dismantled original 1920; replica by The Museum of
Modern Art, New York, 1967 219
6.4 Man Ray, The Enigma of Isidore Ducasse (L’énigme d’Isidore
Ducasse), Photograph of the Galleria Schwarz editioned replica
(number 7/10) after damage by customs officials in shipment 222
6.5 Man Ray, The Enigma of Isidore Ducasse (L’énigme d’Isidore
Ducasse), dismantled original 1920; unique replica, Lucien Treillard,
Paris, 1972 222
6.6 Man Ray, Monument to the Unknown Painter (Monument to a
Painter), 1955; Galleria Schwarz editioned replica, Milan, 1971 227
6.7 Man Ray, It’s Springtime III, 1958; Galleria Schwarz editioned
replica, Milan, 1971 (number 4/10) 230
6.8 Man Ray, Emak Bakia, lost original 1926; Studio Marconi editioned
replica, Milan, 1970 236
6.9 Man Ray, Gift (Cadeau), lost original 1921; Galleria Il Fauno
multiple, Turin, 1972 241
7.1 Sale results for complete set of the Galleria Schwarz editioned
replicas of Duchamp’s readymades 267
7.2 Sale results for the Galleria Schwarz 1964 editioned replica of
Duchamp’s Fountain, 1974–2002 280
7.3 Sale results for the Galleria Schwarz 1963 editioned replica of Man
Ray’s Gift (Cadeau), 1964–2006 283
7.4 Sale results for Il Fauno 1974 edition of multiples of
Man Ray’s Gift (Cadeau) 284
7.5 Installation photograph of the exhibition “No Place Like Home”,
The Israel Museum, Jerusalem, 2017 291
Color Plates
1 Marcel Duchamp, 3 Standard Stoppages (3 stoppages étalon), 1913–14
2 Marcel Duchamp, With Hidden Noise (À bruit secret), New York,
Easter 1916
3 Marcel Duchamp, Apolinère Enameled, New York, 1917
4 Marcel Duchamp, Fresh Widow, 1920
5 Man Ray, Main Ray, Paris, 1935
6 Marcel Duchamp, The Bride Stripped Bare by her Bachelors, Even
(The Large Glass), 1915–23
