Relics of the Past: The Collecting and Studying of Pre-Columbian Antiquities in Peru and Chile, 1837 - 1911

326 Pages·2015·6.44 MB·English

by  Gänger

OXFORD STUDIES IN THE HISTORY
OF ARCHAEOLOGY
EditorialBoard
bettinaarnold michaeldietler
stephendyson peterrowley-conwy
howardwilliams
Oxford Studies in the History of Archaeology consists of scholarly
works focusing on the history of archaeology throughout the world.
The series covers the development of prehistoric, classical, colonial,
and early historic archaeologies up to the present day. The studies,
although researched at the highest level, are written in an accessible
styleandwillinterestabroadreadership.
Relics of the Past
The Collecting and Study of Pre-Columbian
–
Antiquities in Peru and Chile, 1837 1911
STEFANIE GÄNGER
1
3
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Contents
Acknowledgements vii
ListofIllustrations xi
Introduction:AntiquitiesinPeruandChile 1
CollectingandStudyingAntiquities 3
TheSpacesofCollecting 7
WritingHistoriesofArchaeology 12
ThroughtheLivesofObjects 23
1. TheMascapaycha:CollectionsofIncanAntiquitiesinCuzco 28
IncanMaterialCultureunderSpanishRule 29
Collections,Salons,andLearnedSocieties 45
CommoditiesonSale 83
2. TheKhipu:AntiquarianismandArchaeologyinLima 101
KhipusandCommunicationintheAndes 103
Antiquarianism,AntiquitiesCollecting,andArchaeology 109
AKhipuontheMarket 146
3. PascualCoña:CollectingandColonizationinAraucanía 160
TheFreeTerritoriesofAraucanía 161
CollectingAraucanianAntiquities 165
TheLastoftheirKind 191
4. TheValdiviaJug:ArchaeologyovertheWarofthePacific 203
AnIncanCivilizationforSouthAmericans 207
AntiquitiesCollecting,Archaeology,andNational
Ancestry 216
Conclusion:RelicsofthePast 251
ListofArchives 257
ListofReferences 258
Index 303

Acknowledgements
Ihaveresearched,written,andrewrittenmydoctoraldissertationand
thebookthatevolvedfromitoveraperiodofmorethanfiveyears,in
different places and with the support of various funding bodies and
employers.IamgratefultotheGermanNationalAcademicFoundation
(Studienstiftung des Deutschen Volkes) for a maintenance grant and
to the British Arts and Humanities Research Council for a tuition
feesawardduringmythreeyearsasaPhDstudentattheUniversity
ofCambridge.TheChileProjectsscheme,runbytheCentreforLatin
American Studies at Cambridge, funded my two research trips to
Chile in 2008 and 2009. Darwin College provided funds for confer-
ence trips. As a visiting scholar at the University of Pennsylvania in
Philadelphia,IreceivedgeneroussupportfromHenrikaKuklickand
AnnFarnsworth.IalsothankLorraineDastonandFernandoVidalat
the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science in Berlin for
providingmewithaworkspaceandaninspiringatmosphereduring
my time as a visiting fellow there in the summer of 2010. I started
rewritingthismanuscriptwhileIwasholdingaDAADpostdoctoral
fellowship at the Institute for Latin American Studies in Berlin and
finished revisingitin Konstanz,whereJürgen Osterhammelandmy
colleagues—Martin Rempe, Jan Jansen, and Franz L. Fillafer—
providedthebestofallpossibleworldsforthatprocess.
Manypeoplehavecontributedtothedevelopmentofthisbook.In
Peru, I thank Donato Amado for his support in the Cuzco archives
andforsharinghisknowledgeonthecolonialIncas;DavidGarettfor
hishelpwithIncangenealogy;andJavierFloresforinsightsintothe
life of Justo Apu Sahuaraura Inca and Peruvian academia. In Chile,
Rolf Foerster, José Bengoa, and Jorge Pavez have been so kind as to
share ideas and readings with me. In England and France, Patience
Shell, Joanna Crowe, and Pascal Riviale have been generous with
information,contacts,andadviceonarchives.BackhomeinGermany,
BeatrixHoffmann,UlrichMücke,KarolineNoack,andIrinaPodgorny
have shared their knowledge and ideas about the history of Peru
and archaeology and antiquarianism in the Americas. At Cambridge
History Faculty, talking with Astrid Swenson and Chris Clark at
first helped me to formulate and develop my ideas. I thank Simon
viii Acknowledgements
Schaffer for pointing me to the connection between authenticity and
inferiority in ideas about indigeneity after the 1850s. I have had
inspiring and important conversations with the other PhD students
in and around the World History Group at the History Faculty. In
particular, talking with Iris Montero, Jordana Blejmar, Andrea Acle,
and Akhila Yechuri has helped me at various stages of my research.
IamespeciallygratefultoJamesScorer,EmileChabal,CarrieGibson,
Anne-Isabelle Richard, Joanna McGarry, Anne Friedrichs, Sina
Rauschenbach, Miruna Achim, and Josh Berson for proofreading or
commentingonearlierversionsofchaptersforthisbook.
IwouldliketothankthestaffatthenationalarchivesinLimaand
intheCuzcoregionalarchives.EmmaTorresattheArchivoRegionalde
Tarapacá and Rodrigo Daniel Ruz Zagal at the Archivo Histórico
VicenteDagninoinAricahavebeenparticularlygenerouswiththeir
timeandcontacts.GabrielaPolancoandLuisAlegríahavebeenkind
enoughtohelpmetackletheNationalArchivesinChile.AttheIbero-
American Institute in Berlin, Gregor Wolff and Gudrun Schumacher
have been generous with their time and advice on archival material
and literature. Several museums with pre-Columbian collections in
Chile, Peru, Europe, and the United States have archives that reflect
their dealings with private collectors and I would like to thank the
staffatthearchivesoftheLimaNationalMuseumofAnthropology,
Archaeology,andHistory;theSantiagoNationalHistoricalMuseum;
the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Anthropology and
Archaeology; the Louvre; and the American Museum of Natural
History in New York. I am particularly grateful to Manuela Fischer
attheEthnologicalMuseuminBerlinforheradvice,forgrantingme
accesstothemuseum’sarchives,andfortranscriptsofAdolfBastian’s
correspondence. Finally, I would like to thank the families of José
GuevaraGilandofCarlosMoralesMacedoforgrantingmeaccessto
theirnineteenth-centuryancestors’correspondenceandmanuscripts.
Special thanks are owed to Oxford University Press: to the an-
onymous reviewer for helpful comments and to Hilary O’Shea and
her team for their kind assistance. My appreciation also goes to
Chile’sNationalLibrary,theSpecialCollectionsoftheLatinAmerican
Library at Tulane University, the Berlin Ethnological Museum, and
JoséGuevaraGilforgivingmepermissiontousesomeoftheimages
inthisbook.
I thank the examiners of my doctoral dissertation, Rebecca Earle
and Margarita Díaz-Andreu, for their insightful comments. Tim
Acknowledgements ix
Harperhasbeenakindadviser,andhissupportandencouragement,
aswellashisfamiliaritywiththeCambridgesystem,haveguidedme
through my postgraduate years. I thank Natalia Majluf for being a
generousandsharpexternalandvoluntaryadviser:herownresearch
andhercommentsonminehavecentrallyinfluencedmythinkingon
the cultural history of nineteenth-century Peru. Gabriela Ramos has
been a wonderfully wise and thoughtful supervisor. Her ideas, sup-
port,and criticism have been essential—not only to this dissertation
butalsototheacademicandpersonIhavebecomeduringmyyearsat
Cambridge.
Finally,IwouldliketothankmygoodfriendsinGermany,inthe
UK, in Peru, and in Chile for distracting me from the process of
writingthisbook,myparentsforlovingmeregardlessofit,andArne,
foraccompanyingmealways.