Relatività. Princìpi e applicazioni

572 Pages·2004·72.63 MB·Italian

by  Vincenzo Barone

VINCENZO
BARONE
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RELATIVITA
PRINCEÌA PPIP LICAZIONI
PROGRAMMA
DI
MATEMATICA
FISICA
ELETTRONICA
VincenBzaor on(eC urs1i9 6i4n)s egnMae ccanica
quantiset iFcias icdae llien terazioni fondamentali
all'UnivedreslPi iteàm ontOer ienta«lAe.A vogadro».
Las uar icervcear tper incipalmseunltlteae oria
dellien terazfioornteii s ullsat ruttduerlpa r otone.
PROGRAMMA DIM ATEMATICAF,I SICAE,L ETTRONICA
MariAog enoE,l emdefini tsii ca
T.M .A postCola,l colo
Voi1.A nlaisi
Voi2.G eoim etria
Voi3.A nlai2s i
MichaAerlt iAnl,g ebra
LucBaa racecG oi usepZpaem pieArnai,l isi
VincenBzaor onRee,l atpirviintacàppìi:lp iic aez ioni
FranBcaos saenU im berMt.oG rassaFnio,sd ieclsalt oas tool ido
MichiBeelr tsicsh,t itduim zaitoenmia tica
Scipione eBE ombibliioo EGaltetti,t romagnetismo Ottica
MaxB ornF,i saitcoam ica
FranceBsoctot aecG iinu seppe ZaAmnapile2ir si,i
StefaCnaom piM,a ssimPoi cardeeG liloor gTiaol enAtnail, miastie meac tailccao latori
VitCoa ppelElilnaib, ornauzmieodrneielic lmaem agini
Francesco CCaormasusnai,c azioni elettriche
Sergio CTaerrmroà,d inaasmpirecetact:eeia n pptlii caazlcilhoain meiai lc'nlaig egneria
CirCoil ibeArtlog,e lbirneae ar
ClaudCiiot rAinnila,im sait ematica
ClaudCiiot rAinniia,sm lia tem2ia tica
ChiadreaF abriet iiCsa rPleot ronEisoce,i rszvio elc topiml emdeiTn otopiolg ieGa e ometria
P.A .M .D iraipc ,r indceìlmpleiac caqnuiacnat istica
AlbeEritn stIesilni ,g nidfeilrcleaalt aot ività
AntonFiaos aenS ot efanMoa rmiM,e ccaanniaclaci otenil ceamd eimn etcic anica
stateid sectioi nctai nui
EnriFceor mTier, modinamica
Giorgio FranCceasmcephlieet ttit,r omagnetici
GiovanGnalil avMotetcic, aenliecmaee ntar
GraziGaennot iFlaib,iP oo desetE àd oarVdeos entLieniz,id igo enoim edtirfifae renziale
EnriGciou sAtina,l miastie matica
EnriGciou sAtin,ia smlia tem2ia tica
EnriGciou sEtis,e recc oimzip ledmiae nnamtlaiit seim vaotii. ca:
EnriGciou sEtis,e recc oizmip ledmiae nnamtlaiit seim vaoti2i. ca:
AngelGou erragMgaiot,e mgaetniecraa le
HermaHnna keenH anCs. W olfF,i saitcoame qi ucaan tistica
WerneHeri senbiep rrgi, ncìpdiefltilesaoid rceqiiiua a nti
DaviAd.H odgeeHs o raGc.eJ acksAonna,l eip srio gdeict itroic nutietdgiir gaittia li
CharlKeist tienl,tu rzoidaolnfleia s dieclsalt oas tool ido
CharlKeist teeH le rbeKrrto emeTrer,m odinsatmaitcias tica
SergLea ngA,l gelbirneae ar
P. ManfredPii,e rMaor aneeTs iiz iaTnaacc hLia',mp lifeio cpaetroarzionale
JaF.c ob MilClimranc,su iistmtiie cmeroi e lettronici
Jacob MielC l.m aHCna. l kiMais,c roelettronica
R.S .M ulleeT r. KaminDsi, spoesliettitvrcioi nriiccnuiti etngier ia ti
LuciaPnaon dolAl.f nail,mi astie matica
AthanaPsaiposo ulPirso, bavbaiirl iiaatlbàei,al eti o prriosect eoscsais tici
Wolfgang TPeoaruldiiea,l r leal atività
B.P ovhK,.R itCh.,S choel zZ etscPhae,r tein cueclulln'eneiit :r odaucizo inofcnieest itcii
IlyPar igogeiD niel Kiopn dF.e puTdermi,o dinadmailmclaaec: c theirnmeai lcslhteer e ud titsusripative
GiovanPnrio dAin,l aimsait ematica
Antonio ReuA blebretrit o ITseoirddioerasii i, stemi
Walter RAundiiansrl,ie aecl oem plessa
H.H .S chaefienort,d ruzailotlneaeo s rpieat trale
EdoarSdeor neGsei,o metria
EdoarSdeorn esGie, omeit ria
M.S ingeeJ r.A .T horpL2ee, z idio ntio eploelomrgeeind atige ae ometria
GIi.o vaSnnoin ciTnecin, olmoigcireo elettroniche
GuidToa rtaTreoar,d ieasi i sdtice ommiu nicazione
AlberTteos eIis,t itduia znliaisosunipi e riore
VINCEBNAZRO ONE
.....
RELATIVITA
PRINCEÌA PPIP LICAZIONI
BOLLABTOIR INGHIERI
Primead izinoonvmeeb r2e0 04
200B4o ltlBiao ringheideoirrtsie. .rT,.o lrnioc,o rVsiot toErmiaon uel8e6
© Il,
Id iritmteim odrii zzealzteiortonniecd air, i produezd iiao dnaet tamteontotap ola er zia­
lec oqnu alsmieazsz(ioc ompirm eiscoirfi leml ec opfioets otacthies)o nroi setriv a
L'edtiorpeo tcroàn dceerae p agamelna'tuot zozraiziaor npier oduurnrape o rzione
nons uperaiu onrd ee cidmeopl r esevnotleu mLeer. i chideirs itopedr zuiovnaen no
intorlaatleAi s's ocinaeIz tiaolpieairnD aii rtdtiRi i produdzeiloOlnpeeee r Sat ampa
(AIOD)Rv,i dae lElreb 2e,,2 012M1i lnaot,e 0!2./ 86416f3,a0 0x92 /81980063
StapmationI tadlalilaLa it ogra«fIMilea t otgilfiod»iT orino
ISB8N8 -339-5757-8
�-- - - -- ----
Indice
Prfaezione,
IX
Reltaivài t
1.I ntroduzione,
3
1.L1.er addiecrlieltv laiia 4t à,
1.L2.am eccnaenwitcoa6 n iana,
1.3p. nrciidpriiae votli i8t à,
li
14..L eta rosmrfazdiGioa nliIi 1l ei,
1.E5.l etnterstomim1o5a, g
16..C omple18m enti,
16..1La.r elvaiptterià- etienisn1i8a 1n6.a.,T2 r.ao smrfaziforsnasii t eimenir zii,a l
19
16..L3af. ro mpai gùe nedrealtllreeoa rsmfzaiodniGi a li2l0e 1i6.,.S 4si.t eamcic e­
lretai2,0 16..S5si.t eampiop srstiimvaaemi eennrtzii2,a1 l 16..T6r.ao srafmzioni
decia mnpeillm i itdeib asvseel ào2,c2 i t
Preomb2il3 ,
Leb asdie llrae latisvpietcài ale,
2. 27
2.I1p.l r indciiin pe2ir7oz ia,
2.S2n.i cronidzezogoarllzi,oi2 8go ine
2.I3p. o sttdiue rllealtvlaiia stpàe c30i ale,
2.4L.av eldoeclliult3caà2e ,
2.E5.v e,3n 4 ti
2.L6.et roarasmzfidoLino eirn 3t7z ,
2.L7.ar ae vtliidteàsl ilmaaun le4ti4 tà,
2.8S.u cocnetese smiporeavle,e4n 4 tdiegli
2.C9.l aiscsaizdfieiognnltiele 4ir5, v al
2.1I0d .ig aradmMimi ikn oswk4i7 ,
Indice
VI
2.11C. ompeln,e5t 2m i
21.11..L e'speroid miMe inctheelM soornl5 e2y 2,1. 1.2S.u ldlevara izidoenlel e
trsafoarzmidoiLn oier nt5z6, 2 1.13.L.e gdgisi i muidlii5nt9e 2,1. 14.L.e t rasfor­
mazidoiCn arior l6l1, 2 1.15.F.i seif lcioasi oalf:ra e adletfltuà u r6o2,
Prbole64m i,
Fenomenolodgeilalt er asformazdiiLo onrie ntz,
3. 67
3.L1.ac ornatzdieollnnulege h e67z ze,
3.L2.ad itlaazdieoignnlevti ae tlrelmiap l7o0i r,
3.I3t.l e mpprooo p7,3r i
3.4L.al egdtigr eoa rasmzfidoenvleel lao 74c ità,
3.P5.r opgrriuepdtpebàaio l o7i8s t,
3.L6.a' baezrirdoelnllaeu s cetelr le79a,
3.E7.ff eDtotpop8 2l er,
3.C8.o mpl8e6m enti,
3.18P..r oapzaigodneell luaci enu nm ezzom oivni me8n6t 3o.,8D .i2tlz.aai one
dellavi ta dmeemidu ioacn ois cmi8i,7 3.8I.pl3a d.ro asdseogo loril o(godi eg ie ­
melli8)9, 3 8..O4s.s aerreevm irsau:rl ecao rnatizodneel lnlugeh eèzv zies i9b4i le?,
3.8L.a5 e.pc ressdiiTo hnoem9 a6s 3,. 68V..e riifcdheel rleaaltv iistpàe ci1a0l0e (I),
3.78A..l etrnatlitave eoe riaitnlaens iian1a03? ,
Prbole1m05 i,
Lad inamirceal ativistica,
4. 112
4.L1.al egfnogdea mednedtlaillnaea I m 2 ica,
J
4.2Im.l o me1n1t4 o,
4.I3m.l o meanntagor,oI 1e l8
4.L4.e' necrnigeit1ai18 ca,
4.E5.n eitraog teaedln eied armi ga s1s20 ;t,
4.L6.e' quivdamila esensdeza na e 1r2g1i a,
4.M7.a sdsias s uitnec moam p1o2s5 to,
4.L8.ar elatzrmiaoo mneeened tn goei 1ra27,
4.P9.ai rctdemlial sens ual1 28l a,
4.1T0r.o arsmfoandziLii o rdeenmlto zm eedn etlelo'n er30g ia,
J
4.1T1r.o arsmfazdiLioo nrede enfltrolzza 3a 3,
· J
4.1L2a.l egdagiz ei ero enoaenz e3i5,
I
4.1M3o. tduoin parac teiclraliiac nac aumnepe loto tmraigcn1oe36 ,t
41.3C.a1m.pe eolt ctocr oiasntetu en oirfm1e3,7 4 1.3.C2am.p om agnectoiascnttoe
eu noirfm1e4,0
4.1C4o. mpl,e1 44m enti
41..41Ipl.r loebmdaiK epliernr eaoltv iistpàe c1i4a4l4 1e.4,. L2as. t nrgriao ta1n4t6e ,
41..43V.e riicfhdee lrlealv aitstipàe c(iIaI1l4)e9, 4 1.4.R4e.al tviiàt,m eccanica
quasnttieiac nat rictpieal1l5e04, 1. 4.I5t .a cohn1ii5,1 4 1.4.A6c.c eledrpiaa tro­ri
tic1e5l3l e,
PrloebIm5 7i ,
Indice
VII
Los pazio-tempo,
5. 161
5.R1.o toannziei slplaoez uiceoltoi ir ddimen162s ionale,
5.V2.e tett oeornriisiRn 3, 1 64
5.C3.o rviaadnezllael fgesig iic1 65h e,
5.L4.os padzMiii on ko16w7s ki,
5.L5.et r oarsmfadzLiio orne1i70n tz,
5.C6.l iaifszcsiaodnetelr loaers zmfiadoLino ir oemnotgz1e 73n ee,
5.C7.ac lotleon snoersliplaaodlz Mieii on ko1w79 ski,
5.17Q..u daritvoeertq iu adrriit1,e8 n15s .o7P.r2o.p rdieqeitu dàart ien,s1 o8r4i
5.7C.o3m.b insaczai,l1o a8nr5i5i .47Q..u daritesnismeomtcrreiiai nstiimemtirc1i8,6
5.7P.s5e.u doets eminbsoodlriLoi e viv-iCt1i8a6,
5.D8.e riveia tnzeizgoirnonaene selp laodz Miii on ko18w8 ski,
5.I9g.l r udpLipo eorn 1t93z ,
5.1L0a'.l gdeegblrr uadp Lipo or reirnsetttz196t o,
5.1I1gl.r udpPipo oir né20c,2a
5.1C2om. ple,m2 0e5 nti
51..21Ba.sii n 2055 .21.O2m.o omrifsmtorS aL( 2C,)e i glr updpiLoo nretz ri­
M,
stre2t0t65o .,21 .R3a.p epsrentsapziinolodnirei gil ra updpio Lorrsietnr,te2 zt0 t8o
5.21.L4e'.q uazdiiDo inre2a 1c0,5 ..15I2g.lr updpiGo a leii2l,1 2
Prob,2l 3e mi
I
Formulazicoonvea riadnetleld ai namica,
6. 215
6.L1.al idnuien ai v21e5r so,
6.L2.aq u davrie leol cqaiau tdaàrc iczeiloe21nr6ea ,
6.I3q.l au dmroim e2n18t o,
6.I4t.l e ndsemolor mee anntgrooe2 l9, a
i
6.M5.o tdoecl er ndotmi a s2s20a ,
6.L6.ee quadzemiloo itnfnoiro mcao rviaa2n21t e,
6.16P..a crltelilai b2e2r a6,. 6L.aq2 ua.d orriazf2,2 2
/
6.L7.a' ziroeinlvetai itdscuian p aai rcte22l4l a,
6.M8.e ccaannailncioactn oi rvciaaa2 n27t e,
6.18.P. atricleilbl2ea2r 8a6 ,. 8P.a2re.tl iilcnae trage2n2t96e .,8 S.i3m.m eet rie
legdgici o nserv2a2z9i one,
6.M9.e ccaannailccioartv iiaac2n3a3t e,
6.19F..o rmsamlloia gran2g3i36a n.o9F,.o 2rl.mi ascmaon oeni incrvoia apnezrrai ­
parazmzeiatozr2ni3i5,6 ..93P.ar tilcieb2le3lr8aa6 ,. 9P.a4r.t iicneertlalga2e 4n0t e,
6..95L.e gdgici o snerivoan2ze4,1
6..1C 0omlpem2e4n2 ti,
61..01L.os pi2n4,26 1.0.L2a.g grianaanleetr nadtiip vaere tlillcai bera, 245
61..03S.i stdeipm iipù ra teillce2,4 6
Prbole24m9i ,
Applicazdieolnlima e ccanirceal ativistica,
7. 251
7.I1p. rc oedsu'sri2t5 o1 ,
Indice
VIII
7.D2.e scrgiezniedorenaugerll,2 tei 53i
7.3Ss.i tedrmieii mrf ein2t55o ,
7.I4.n rviaacnietmniiac2 t5i7,
"
7.l4P..r odsoctaatridiie qiu adrimeom maesnistnairv iaa2n5t8e7 ,. 4V.e2cl.iào t
rela2t5i9v7 a.,4V .a3rb.ii daliMi an dels2t6a0 m,
7.D5.e scrdiezugirlaotdi niu ce eo rmpeid iavnratileadi bMi lia en de2l61s tam,
7. 51D..e scrinzesilsio tnedeme acl e rnodt mia s2s6a1,7 . 5D.e2s.c rinzesilsio tneem a
dellba oraot2,o6 r4i
7.U6.r etliia c2s6it5,
7. .61De.s crinzesilsio tnedeme acl e rnodt im as2s6a5,7 . 6.2. Dneesslsci treimzai one
dellba orat2o6r6i7 o.,6R .e3l.a ztir'Joa{n ceeM'J {b1•2a 677 .6D.i4sb.tu irzoindei
momeond telplaierc te2l6l8e ,
7.7L.ad fiufosniCeo mp2t70 on,
7.U8.r atniei lc2a7i4s ,t
7.8P.r eoscdsifi o ramzio2n7e47, . 8P.r2eo.sc dsipi r douzi2o7n6e7 ., 8 U.r3t.i
l.
pazrimaelnitnec l2u7s7i vi,
7.A9.n nizcihoeeinltloetan rei-otpnro2e79s,
7.1D0e.d ciam,e2 8n1 ti
71..01De.c adiim2nec noptri2i,8 27 1..02D.e cadiimn3ec noptri2i,8 4
71.1R.e azniulocren,2ia 8i5
7.1R2a. dtivtoii2at88à ,
7.1C3o. mpl,e2 8m9 enti
7. 1.31S.zei odnu'ir ets op adzeilofl saei ,9 2.7831 .U2rt.ei el totnrec-lonenu2e9,2
7. 31.E3m.is sioena es sboirmoed nifto otn2i9,6 7 1.34..De cmaednoi tf3m aes dseal
neruitn3o0,07 1.3.L5ar. da iazieorneevn 3,k0 o2
C
Prbole30m4i ,
Lat eoreilae ttromagnetica,
8. 308
81.L. ee quadzMiia oxnw3i0e8 l l,
8.C2.os nervdaezclialoraenei letcc taa3r 0,9i
8.3C.a mlpoin gietc muapdtiirv naeasr3l1si2i ,
8.L4.af ro zdaLi oe rn3t1z3 ,
8.I5p. o teenltzeritoamliaic3g 1in4, e t
8.L6.et roarasmzfidogina iu3 g15e ,
8.16G..a udgiLe o ernt3z1,68 .6G.a2u.dg iCe o ulo3m1b78, . 6G.a3u.tg eem po­
ra3l1e9,8 .6G.a4u.dg ired a iaz3i1o9n e,
8.7L.e gdgii e crzovinaos32n0e ,
8.17C..o nservdalezelin'ogenire3a 2,0 8 .7C.o2sn.e rvadzeimloo nmee n3t2o2,
8.7C.o3nr.sv eazdieomlno em eona tngro,e3l 2a5
8.C8.a mepeloto tmragnleitb3ie27c roo ,
8.I9.n terduainz pairai otcnecerla ilccaoia ncl m a peoel ttrocmo3a3,2g neti
8.1C0o. mple33m5 enti,
81..01Ip.lr loebmdaiC aucpheylr ee q uazdiiMo anwxiel l3,3 58 1..02L.e equa­
ziodniMi a wxeliln un dmieszpzeoer l seril evaoz idoiKn riae mrso-nKir3g3,8
81..03C.a usàa vleei ltolcmiiiettd àes ie glni3a4,2
Prbole34m5i ,
Indice
IX
Formulazicoonvea riadnetlel 'elettrodinamica,
9. 349
9.L1.a' zidoe'nlleteelot drinea qmiauildcp raoei tnz3i4a9 le,
9.2Iq.l au dnroisrtdeeec mlap eoel tmtargocno3e5,t1 i
9.3L.aq udareindàsd icirto re,3n 52t e
9.4L.ee quadzMiia oxnwiiefn rol mlca o rviaa35n4t e,
9.5O.n dpei a35n6e ,
9.6L.e' quadzMiii onnkeo owrseiknfnirto -mzcLa o rviaa3n61t e,
9.7T.r oarsamfzidoLino ird eenpito zt een zcdiaepamii3l 6,i2
9.8C.a mgpeian tdeiaur ncara iicmnao utnooi rfm364e ,
9.9R.i szoiloduneeelq luea dzMiia oxnw3ie6 7l l,
9.19F..u nzdiGior neide enl A ldeb'met ria3n7o0,9 .9�.�2z·.·i •odneliel' quazione
did A'le mberotm oge3n7e5a9 ,.3 9.S. oluzdileoln'.i iL ondeiD 'A lebmert
noonm oge3n7e7a ,
9.1I0 .e pnoztdiLiai lrédin- iaWec3h79e rt,
91.1I.rr aggimaendtcioa riimnco h,t3e 8o3
9.1R2e. azdirioa andzeii 3o86n e,
9.1C3o. mpl,e3 90m enti
91..31Le'.q uazdiiBo arngem naM-nic-hTeelle,3g 9d0i9 1.3.L2'l.ete tdrionamica
comtee aod riai ziaod nies zta3a,9n 29 1..33L.aL aggriaandnia w Dia3nr9,4
Prbole39m6i ,
10T.e orirae latividsetici acmap i,
400
10.L1ac. orvdiab r40a1n te,
10.2L.aL aggriaaenl na'az idouinnc em a p4o0,4
10.F3o. rimsacmlaon o4n08i co,
10.4S.mi metitrnei oedr eciiapa mi4 11,
10.I5n.r viaapnetzrrla aa szsipoanezimi pooe-tr teanlcsiao nroe4n1 6i co,
10.6I.n rviaadnLizo are ec nortrezdn Nito ie atshsetroe4 c2,0i a
10.S7i.m meztzraizdietoleon nrecse a no4n25i co,
10.C8a. mspcaia,r 4l 2i7
0.18..c amdpioK le-iGnoorn4d,2 9
l li
10.I9n.r viaadngiza au gel 4e3g,2l oba
10.1L0aL. a gnrgaidaecnlmaa p eoel tmtargocno4e3,t3 i
10.1I1t.l e ndseion greei-r amoenmdtecola mepelot tgrnoem4ta37i co,
10.12m.o mIelan ntgroode le camlap eoel ttrnoemt4ai39gc o,
10.1I3tn.ez riaodunin epa ai rcteclocllaa me ploem tatgrcnoo4e4,t1 i
10.1Iv4n.a ridgaian uzlgaoe c4 a44l e,
10.1I5n.rv iaadngiza aun goaeneb lnieata eodrYiia en gl-l44Ms6i ,
10.1C6o.m peln,e4t 5m1i
1.01.61Di.tl zaaio4n5i1,1 .061.I2vn.a ricaononzmrfae 4,5 3 01..63L.a gran­
I
giaenelato tmragcnaed tiFi eremg ia udgiLe o ernt4z5,31 .061.L4i.m siutu in a
possviibaoizlliedo lenilen 'rviaadniLz oar e4n5t4z 0,1. .65If. ul ipdreief trtei­
I
ltaviis4t5i7c i,
Prbole45m8i ,