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A. W. Guthmann M. Georganopoulos
A. Marcowith K. Manolakou (Eds.)
Relativistic Flows
in Astrophysics
1 3
Editors
AxelW.Guthmann
MarkosGeorganopoulos
KonstantinaManolakou
Max-Planck-Institutfu¨rKernphysik
69117Heidelberg,Germany
AlexandreMarcowith
CESR
9,AvenueduColonelRoche
31028ToulouseCedex4,France
CoverPicture:acompactobject(neutronstarorblackhole)accretingmassfromacom-
panionstarandsendingoutajet.Theaccretiondiscandthecoronaexpectedtoformcan
bealsoseen(seefigure1,page102,contributionofR.Fenderinthisvolume)
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Relativisticflowsinastrophysics/A.W.Guthmann...[etal.](eds.).
p.cm.--(Lecturenotesinphysics,ISSN0075-8450;589)
Includesbibliographycalreferencesandindex.
ISBN3540435182(acid-freepaper)
1.Astrophysicaljets.2.Relativisticastrophysics.I.Guthmann,A.W.(AxelW.),
1973-II.SURF2000(2000:Mykonos,Greece)III.Series
QB466.J46R452002
523.01--dc2l
2002067240
ISSN0075-8450
ISBN3-540-43518-2Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelbergNewYork
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(cid:1)c Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2002
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SPIN:10867705 54/3141/du-543210
Prologue
This book contains the contributions of the invited speakers at the conference
on Similarities and Universality in Relativistic Flows (SURF 2000), which took
place from October 1st to 5th, 2000, on the island of Mykonos, Greece. A com-
panionvolume,includingthecontributedtalks,hasbeenpublishedbyLogosVer-
lag, Berlin, under the title “Similarities and Universality in Relativistic Flows”.
The meeting was part of the European Union PhD Euroconference Program
and aimed to give young European astrophysicists a platform to present and
discuss recent developments in observation and theory of relativistic flows in
astrophysical objects.
The topic of this book is the study of relativistic outflows such as those seen
in gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), microquasars and active galactic nuclei (AGN).
Theseflowsareassociatedwithcompactobjectsrangingfromneutronstarsand
stellar-mass black holes to supermassive black holes (106 −109 solar masses).
The first three contributions in the book deal with the physical processes be-
lievedtobeimportantinallfamiliesofsystemsexhibitingrelativisticflows.The
first one focuses on the relevant radiative processes and Doppler-boosting of the
radiationfromrelativisticallymovingsources.Thenparticleaccelerationviathe
first-order Fermi process in relativistic shock fronts is studied, as this mecha-
nism is a good candidate for supplying accelerated electrons responsible for the
highly non-thermal spectra being observed. After that, possible jet formation
and collimation mechanisms are presented.
The next two contributions present an overview of our understanding of
powerful AGN. First, the evolution of classical radio galaxies through studies of
theirlarge-scalestructureisaddressed,followedbyareviewofourunderstanding
of blazars, which are AGN with jets almost aligned to our line of sight and
observedluminositiesdominatedbyasub-parsecscaleregionclosetothecentral
black hole. Shifting to stellar-size systems, our current understanding of so-
calledmicroquasars,binarystarsystemsresemblinginmanyaspectsscaled-down
versionsofAGN,ispresented.Thenextcontributiondealswithobservationand
theory of GRBs. The study of the proper bursts and their afterglows suggests
the existence of relativistic jets in these objects.
The fluid dynamics of relativistic astrophysical flows are quite complex, and
oneoftenhastoresorttonumericalsimulationstodescribethem.Resultsofsuch
numericalexperimentsarepresentedandcomparedtorecentradiointerferomet-
VI Prologue
ricobservationsofjets.Thisisfollowedbyanintroductiontothedevelopmentof
modern numerical techniques for solving relativistic hydrodynamical problems.
The epilogue gives an overview of all the topics discussed at the SURF 2000
conference and offers an outlook over current and future research opportunities.
The meeting was attended by 39 participants from 16 different countries
(Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Greece, The Netherlands, Ireland, Israel,
Italy, Japan, Norway, Portugal, Russia, Spain, UK, USA). Funding for the con-
ferencewasprovidedbytheEuropeanUnionprogrammeonHighLevelScientific
Conferences, under contract HPCFCT-2000-00109. We wish to thank the com-
panyStarlabforfundingtheaccommodationandtravelexpensesofsomeinvited
speakersandtheadministrativestaffoftheMax-Planck-Institutfu¨rKernphysik
for their help in organising the conference. We especially thank the authors of
the articles included in this book for their contributions.
Heidelberg, Axel Guthmann
October 2001 Markos Georganopoulos
Alexandre Marcowith
Konstantina Manolakou
Contents
Radiative Processes in Relativistic Outflows
Apostolos Mastichiadis.............................................. 1
1 Introduction ................................................... 1
2 Superluminal Motion ........................................... 2
3 Doppler Boosting............................................... 3
4 Photon-Photon Pair Production.................................. 4
5 Synchrotron Radiation .......................................... 7
6 Inverse Compton Scattering ..................................... 10
7 Synchro Self-Compton Radiation ................................. 15
8 Continuity Equation ............................................ 16
9 Coda ......................................................... 22
References ........................................................ 23
Particle Acceleration at Relativistic Shocks
Yves A. Gallant ................................................... 24
1 Introduction and Motivation..................................... 24
2 Relativistic Shocks ............................................. 25
3 Fermi Acceleration and the Spectral Index......................... 29
4 Maximum and Minimum Particle Energies......................... 35
5 Summary...................................................... 39
References ........................................................ 40
Jet Formation and Collimation
Christophe Sauty, Kanaris Tsinganos, Edoardo Trussoni ................ 41
1 Introduction ................................................... 41
2 Basics of Jet Formation Theory .................................. 47
3 Acceleration ................................................... 54
4 Collimation.................................................... 58
5 On a Possible Classification of AGN .............................. 62
6 Concluding Remarks............................................ 67
References ........................................................ 68
The Evolution of Classical Double Radio Galaxies
Katherine M. Blundell.............................................. 71
1 Unavoidable Problems... ........................................ 71
2 What Are Radio Galaxy Observables? ............................ 72
VIII Contents
3 Measurement of Source Properties................................ 73
4 Minimizing the Effects of Spurious Correlations .................... 75
5 Salient Correlations and Non-correlations.......................... 76
6 Refining Models for Luminosity Evolution ......................... 81
7 The Youth-Redshift Degeneracy.................................. 84
References ........................................................ 86
Blazars
Annalisa Celotti ................................................... 88
1 What Are They? ............................................... 88
2 A Blazar Sequence ............................................. 89
3 Jet Power ..................................................... 94
4 Internal Shock Scenario ......................................... 97
5 Extended (X-ray) Jets .......................................... 98
6 Conclusions.................................................... 99
References ........................................................ 99
Relativistic Outflows from X-ray Binaries (‘Microquasars’)
Rob Fender........................................................ 101
1 History and Introduction ........................................ 101
2 The Near-Ubiquity of Jets from X-ray Binaries..................... 104
3 Connections ................................................... 112
4 Forwards ...................................................... 113
5 Physical Processes.............................................. 116
6 Conclusions.................................................... 119
References ........................................................ 119
Gamma-Ray Bursts: The Afterglow Revolution
Titus J. Galama, Re’em Sari ........................................ 123
1 Introduction ................................................... 123
2 γ-Ray Burst Properties ......................................... 124
3 GRB Theory – the Generic Picture .............................. 132
4 The Afterglow: Theory ......................................... 136
5 The Afterglow Revolution ...................................... 140
6 Collimated Outflow (Jets): Theory ............................... 145
7 Observational Evidence for Collimated Outflow (Jets) .............. 148
8 Polarization – A Promising Tool ................................. 151
9 The Reverse Shock Emission: Theory and Observations ............. 153
10 Progenitors ................................................... 156
11 GRBs as Probes of the High-Redshift Universe .................... 162
12 Summary ..................................................... 163
References ........................................................ 163
Contents IX
Observations and Simulations of Relativistic Jets
Jos´e-Luis Go´mez................................................... 169
1 Introduction ................................................... 169
2 Relativistic HD and Emission Models ............................. 170
3 Hydrodynamical Models of Superluminal Sources................... 175
4 Magnetic Fields in Relativistic Jets ............................... 181
5 Jet Environments .............................................. 184
6 Conclusions.................................................... 191
References ........................................................ 191
3D Relativistic Hydrodynamics
Miguel A. Aloy, Jos´e M. Mart´ı ...................................... 197
1 Introduction ................................................... 197
2 The Equations of General Relativistic Hydrodynamics .............. 198
3 Numerical Integration of the RHD Equations ...................... 202
4 Computational Issues and Current 3D RHD Codes ................. 210
5 Applications ................................................... 214
6 Summary...................................................... 221
References ........................................................ 222
Epilogue
Roger Blandford ................................................... 227
1 Relativistic Flows in Astrophysics ................................ 227
2 Relativistic Flows .............................................. 231
3 Numerical Simulations .......................................... 234
4 What Now? ................................................... 234
References ........................................................ 237
Index............................................................ 239
List of Contributors
Miguel A. Aloy Titus J. Galama
Max-Planck-Institut fu¨r Astrophysik Astronomy 105-24
Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1 California Institute of Technology
85748 Garching, Germany Pasadena CA 91125, USA
[email protected] [email protected]
Roger Blandford Yves A. Gallant
130–33 California Institute Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri
of Technology Largo E. Fermi 5
Pasadena CA 91125, USA 50125 Firenze, Italy
[email protected] [email protected]
Katherine M. Blundell Jos´e-Luis G´omez
Oxford University, Astrophysics Dept. Instituto de Astrof´ısica de Andaluc´ıa
Keble Road Apartado 3004
Oxford 18008 Granada, Spain
OX1 3RH, UK [email protected]
[email protected]
Jos´e M. Mart´ı
Annalisa Celotti Departamento de Astronom´ıa
S.I.S.S.A. y Astrof´ısica
via Beirut 2–4 Universidad de Valencia
34014 Trieste, Italy C/O Doctor Moliner 50
[email protected] 46100 Burjassot, Spain
[email protected]
Rob Fender
Astronomical Institute Apostolos Mastichiadis
‘Anton Pannekoek’ and Department of Astrophysics,
Center for High Energy Astrophysics Astronomy and Mechanics
University of Amsterdam Faculty of Physics
Kruislaan 403 University of Athens
1098 SJ Amsterdam, The Netherlands 15783 Zografos, Greece
[email protected] [email protected]
