Table Of ContentRelatedness in Assisted Reproduction
Assistedreproductionchallengesandreinforcestraditionalunderstand-
ingsoffamilyandkinship.Sperm,eggandembryodonationandsur-
rogacyraisequestionsaboutrelatednessforparents,childrenandother
peoplewhomaybeinvolvedintheconception,gestationandcareofa
child. How socially, morally or psychologically significant is a genetic
linkbetweenadonor-conceivedchildandtheirdonor?Whatdifference
doesitmakeifthislinkiswithaneggdonororaspermdonor?What
doesitmeanforaparenttobegeneticallyunrelatedtotheirchild?What
shouldoffspringbornthroughassistedreproductionbetoldabouttheir
origins and is such information important for their identity? How is
kinshipexperiencedbymenandwomenusingcollaborativereproduc-
tioninheterosexualcouples,same-sexcouplesorsingle-parentfamilies?
Howdoesthewidercultural,socio-legalandregulatorycontextimpact
ontheseexperiences?
Thismultidisciplinarybookpresentsfreshinsightsintothekeyissue
of relatedness in assisted reproduction. An international team of aca-
demics and clinicians brings together new empirical research and a
rangeofsocialscience,legalandbioethicalperspectivestoexplorethe
complexmeaningsoforigins,identitiesandkinconnectionsinassisted
reproductionfamilies.
tabitha freeman isaResearchAssociateattheCentreforFamily
Research,UniversityofCambridge.
susanna graham is a Research Associate at the Centre for Family
Research,UniversityofCambridge.
fatemeh ebtehaj isanAssociateMemberoftheCentreforFamily
Research,UniversityofCambridge.
martin richards is Emeritus Professor of Family Research at
the Centre for Family Research, University of Cambridge, which he
foundedanddirecteduntil2005.
Relatedness in Assisted
Reproduction
Families, Origins and Identities
Editedby
Tabitha Freeman, Susanna Graham,
Fatemeh Ebtehaj and Martin Richards
UniversityPrintingHouse,CambridgeCB28BS,UnitedKingdom
CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge.
ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof
education,learningandresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence.
www.cambridge.org
Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107038288
©CambridgeUniversityPress2014
Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception
andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements,
noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten
permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress.
Firstpublished2014
PrintedintheUnitedKingdombyClays,StIvesplc
AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
LibraryofCongressCataloguinginPublicationdata
Relatednessinassistedreproduction:families,originsandidentities/editedby
TabithaFreeman,SusannaGraham,FatemehEbtehajandMartinRichards.
pages cm
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-1-107-03828-8(hardback)
1.Reproductivetechnology. 2.Reproduction–Moralandethicalaspects.
3.Relatedness(Psychology) I.Freeman,Tabitha,1971–editorofcompilation.
RG133.5.R384 2014
618.1(cid:2)7806–dc23 2014007596
ISBN978-1-107-03828-8Hardback
CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyof
URLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication,
anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain,
accurateorappropriate.
Contents
Listofcontributors pagevii
Acknowledgements x
Introduction 1
tabitha freeman
PartI Conceptualisingrelatedness
1 ABritishhistoryofcollaborativereproductionandthe
riseofthegeneticconnection 21
martin richards
2 Undoingkinship 44
jeanette edwards
3 Geneticallychallenged:thedeterminationoflegal
parenthoodinassistedreproduction 61
julie mccandless and sally sheldon
4 Onthemoralimportanceofgenetictiesinfamilies 79
john b. appleby and anja j. karnein
5 Whocareswhereyoucomefrom?Cultivatingvirtues
ofindifference 97
hallvard lillehammer
6 LegalkinshipandconnectioninUSdonorfamilies 113
naomi cahn
7 Relatednessinclinicalpractice 129
andrea mechanick braverman and
lucy frith
v
vi Contents
PartII Experiencingrelatedness
8 Definingconnections:genderandperceptionsof
relatednessineggandspermdonation 147
rene almeling
9 Thesignificanceofrelatednessforsurrogatesand
theirfamilies 162
vasanti jadva and susan imrie
10 Frozensymbolsofrelatedness:Belgianinfertility
patientsandtheirdecisionsaboutunused
cryopreservedembryos 178
veerle provoost and guido pennings
11 Familyrelationshipsingayfatherfamilieswithyoung
childreninBelgium,SpainandtheUnitedKingdom 192
marcin smietana, sarah jennings, cathy
herbrand and susan golombok
12 Storiesofanabsent‘father’:singlewomennegotiating
relatednessthroughdonorprofiles 212
susanna graham
13 Infertility,gametedonationandrelatednessinBritish
SouthAsiancommunities 232
nicky hudson and lorraine culley
14 Familiescreatedbyassistedreproduction:children’s
perspectives 251
lucy blake, sophie zadeh, helen statham
and tabitha freeman
15 Makingconnections:contactbetweenspermdonor
relations 270
tabitha freeman, kate bourne, vasanti
jadva and venessa smith
16 Relationallives,relationalselves:assistedreproduction
andtheimpactongrandparents 296
petra nordqvist and carol smart
Index 312
Contributors
rene almeling DepartmentofSociology,YaleUniversity
john b. appleby CentreofMedicalLawandEthics,King’sCollege
London
lucy blake CentreforFamilyResearch,UniversityofCambridge
kate bourne VictorianAssistedReproductiveTreatmentAuthority
andrea mechanick braverman DepartmentofObstetricsand
Gynecology,ThomasJeffersonUniversity
naomi cahn LawSchool,GeorgeWashingtonUniversity
lorraine culley SchoolofAppliedSocialSciences,DeMontfort
University
fatemeh ebtehaj CentreforFamilyResearch,Universityof
Cambridge
jeannette edwards DepartmentofSocialAnthropology,
UniversityofManchester
tabitha freeman CentreforFamilyResearch,Universityof
Cambridge
lucy frith DepartmentofHealthServicesResearch,Universityof
Liverpool
susan golombok CentreforFamilyResearch,Universityof
Cambridge
susanna graham CentreforFamilyResearch,Universityof
Cambridge
cathy herbrand ReproductionResearchGroup,DeMontfort
University
vii
viii Listofcontributors
nicky hudson SchoolofAppliedSocialSciences,DeMontfort
University
susan imrie CentreforFamilyResearch,UniversityofCambridge
vasanti jadva CentreforFamilyResearch,UniversityofCambridge
sarah jennings CentreforFamilyResearch,Universityof
Cambridge
anja j. karnein InstituteforPoliticalScience,Goethe-Universita¨t
hallvard lillehammer DepartmentofPhilosophy,Birkbeck,
UniversityofLondon
julie mccandless DepartmentofLaw,LondonSchoolof
EconomicsandPoliticalScience
petra nordqvist TheMorganCentre,UniversityofManchester
guido pennings BioethicsInstituteGhent,GhentUniversity
veerle provoost BioethicsInstituteGhent,GhentUniversity
martin richards CentreforFamilyResearch,Universityof
Cambridge
sally sheldon KentLawSchool,UniversityofKent
carol smart TheMorganCentre,UniversityofManchester
marcin smietana DepartmentofSociologicalTheory,Universityof
Barcelona
venessa smith TheLondonWomen’sClinic
helen statham CentreforFamilyResearch,Universityof
Cambridge
sophie zadeh CentreforFamilyResearch,UniversityofCambridge
Discussants
irenee daly CentreforFamilyResearch,UniversityofCambridge
yolanda garcia-ruiz FacultyofLaw,UniversityofValencia
zeynep gu¨rtin DepartmentofSociology,UniversityofCambridge
robert klitzman CollegeofPhysiciansandSurgeons,Columbia
University
