Reindeer and caribou: health and disease

550 Pages·2019·315.483 MB·English

by  Kutz, Susan J., Tryland, Morten

Reindeer and Caribou
Health and Disease
http://taylorandfrancis.com
Reindeer and Caribou
Health and Disease
Edited by
Morten Tryland
Susan J. Kutz
Photo credits: cover pictures starting on the front upper left to right: Nicolas Lecomte (Svalbard reindeer and Svalbard
ptarmigan); Jan Helmer Olsen (drone picture of reindeer corrals, Norway); NINA Autocamera/Olav Strand (mother and
calf, wild reindeer Norway); Arne C. Nilssen (the reindeer hypoderma fly); Eva Fuglei (Svalbard reindeer carcass); Morten
Tryland (reindeer with infectious keratoconjunctivitis); Sauli Laaksonen (reindeer meat production); Kjetil Åsbakk (scan-
ning electron micrography of Hypoderma tarandi newborn larva) Center: Map showing distribution of the Rangifer eco-
types (Knut Røed; modified from CAFFs Arctic Flora & Fauna 2001); The Rangifer cycle of the year (Audun Stien, Åshild
Ønvik Pedersen and Jan Roald). Back-cover: Morten Tryland (porcupine caribou crossing Kobuk River, Alaska).
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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data
Names: Tryland, Morten, editor. | Kutz, Susan J., editor.
Title: Reindeer and caribou : health and disease / editors, Morten Tryland and Susan J. Kutz.
Description: Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, 2018. | Includes bibliographical references.
Identifiers: LCCN 2018005995 | ISBN 9781482250688 (hardback)
Subjects: LCSH: Caribou--Diseases. | Reindeer--Diseases. | MESH: Reindeer | Animal Diseases |
Animal Husbandry
Classification: LCC SF997.5.C37 R45 2018 | NLM SF 997.5.C37 | DDC 636.2/948--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018005995
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
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Contents
Preface..............................................................................................................................................vii
Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................ix
Editors ...............................................................................................................................................xi
Contributors................................................................................................................................................xiii
Chapter 1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................1
Knut H. Røed, Steeve Côté, Glenn Yannic, Mauri K. U. Nieminen,
Jan Åge Riseth, Hans Tømmervik, Bruce C. Forbes, Jan Adamczewski,
Jim Dau, Åshild Ønvik Pedersen, Janice E. Rowell, John E. Blake,
Øystein Holand and Robert B. Weladji
Chapter 2 Rangifer Health: A Holistic Perspective ........................................................................91
Bryan Macbeth and Susan J. Kutz
Chapter 3 Rangifer Diet and Nutritional Needs ........................................................................107
Birgitta Åhman and Robert G. White
Chapter 4 Feeding and Associated Health Problems ................................................................135
Birgitta Åhman, Gregory L. Finstad and Terje D. Josefsen
Chapter 5 Non-Infectious Diseases and Trauma ..........................................................................157
Erik Ågren and Torill Mørk
Chapter 6 Parasitic Infections and Diseases .....................................................................................177
Susan J. Kutz, Sauli Laaksonen, Kjetil Åsbakk and Arne C. Nilssen
Chapter 7 Bacterial Infections and Diseases ...................................................................................237
Terje D. Josefsen, Torill Mørk and Ingebjørg H. Nymo
Chapter 8 Viral Infections and Diseases ...................................................................................273
Morten Tryland, Carlos G. das Neves, Jörn Klein, Torill Mørk,
Maria Hautaniemi and Jonas J. Wensman
Chapter 9 Prions and Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) ........................................................305
Morten Tryland
Chapter 10 The Impact of Infectious Agents on Rangifer Populations ......................................315
Anja M. Carlsson, Andy Dobson and Susan J. Kutz
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vi Contents
Chapter 11 Meat Quality and Meat Hygiene ......................................................................................353
Eva Wiklund, Gunnar Malmfors, Gregory L. Finstad, Birgitta Åhman,
Lavrans Skuterud, Jan Adamczewski and Kerri Garner
Chapter 12 Assessment and Treatment of Reindeer Diseases ......................................................383
Sauli Laaksonen
Chapter 13 Haematology and Blood Biochemistry Reference Values for Rangifer ...................445
Morten Tryland and Timo Soveri
Chapter 14 Caribou and Reindeer in Parks and Zoos ....................................................................455
Douglas P. Whiteside and Owen M. Slater
Chapter 15 Restraint and Immobilization ...................................................................................465
Marianne Lian, Alina L. Evans, Kimberlee B. Beckmen, Nigel A. Caulkett
and Jon M. Arnemo
Chapter 16 Climate Change: Potential Impacts on Pasture Resources, Health and Diseases
of Reindeer and Caribou ..............................................................................................493
Morten Tryland, Virve Ravolainen and Åshild Ønvik Pedersen
Index ..............................................................................................................................................515
Preface
Reindeer and caribou, distributed across arctic, subarctic and temperate latitudes of the northern
hemisphere, are a keystone species and integral to the socio-ecological systems of these regions.
Whether semi-domesticated or wild, Rangifer play critical roles in the ecosystems in which they
live. Further, they are a focus for maintenance of cultural traditions and serve as a source of food
and income for the northern Indigenous peoples of the Circumarctic.
Physiological and behavioural characteristics, together with the power of sheer numbers,
have allowed Rangifer to adapt and persist across changing environments since the last Ice
Age. Nevertheless, life in the North, with its short growing seasons and extremes in tempera-
ture, is often the story of life on the edge. Small perturbations to climate and habitat can tip
animals over this edge, with consequences that manifest in many ways, including poor health
and disease. Similarly, habitat degradation and increasingly intensive corralling and feeding
of reindeer are leading to concentration of animals and emergence of new and re-emerging
disease challenges.
Despite the importance of Rangifer around the Circumarctic, and despite a very broad litera-
ture on Rangifer ecology, conservation and husbandry, there exists no comprehensive book that
covers health and diseases of Rangifer. The available information on Rangifer health is scarce,
patchy, and often outdated, and has never before been collected and displayed as one story. With
this book, we have engaged many experts in the field to provide updated knowledge on health
and diseases of Rangifer. We hope this will serve as a resource for a broad audience of teachers,
researchers, students, wildlife managers, herders and Rangifer users, including subsistence and
recreational hunters, as well as others interested in Rangifer biology and ecology, and the role of
health and diseases.
There is a vast literature on the biology and ecology of Rangifer that we simply could not
capture with this book while still addressing health and disease. Rather, to orient the perhaps
unfamiliar reader, we provide a general introduction to Rangifer as a species, with an overview of
the ancient history of Rangifer, the genetics and diversity of the subspecies, and their physiology,
behavior and management. We then move on to define what we mean by “health.” We discuss the
determinants for health in Rangifer, how stress can influence health and what health and disease
mean for the individual and for the population. The subsequent chapters address a number of
determinants of health in Rangifer, from nutrition and feeding to non-infectious and infectious
diseases, and how these various determinants may act individually or in concert with others to
influence Rangifer population dynamics. For a veterinarian, it is not enough to know the name
of a disease; one must also know how to prevent and deal with it. Thus, hands-on knowledge of
identification and treatment of many common health disorders, as well as capture and restraint,
are covered. Important aspects of meat quality and hygiene are also addressed. Looking a little
bit into the future, the last chapter deals with climate change scenarios and how they may affect
the health and disease of Rangifer.
We hope that this book will generate increased interest in and knowledge of Rangifer health
and diseases among new generations of scientists, biologists, veterinarians, managers and decision-
makers, and in the longer term, a better understanding and improved management of the reindeer
and caribou populations that inhabit our northern regions. Rangifer has, through history, played a
decisive role for life in the Circumarctic, for Indigenous people herding or hunting them, for preda-
tors, for the plant communities and for northern ecosystems in general. At the same time, we know
that reindeer herding and wild Rangifer populations are under pressure due to increasing habi-
tat disturbance and fragmentation and that Arctic ecosystems are challenged by alarming climate
change scenarios. These stressors will affect health and disease of Rangifer to a large extent,
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viii Preface
which will in turn affect the northern communities that depend on these animals for their social,
physical, cultural and economic well-being. Hopefully this book will serve as a resource and pro-
vide some of the knowledge and tools to help understand and mitigate threats to this ancient species
and see it thrive for the use and enjoyment of generations to come.
Morten Tryland
Susan J. Kutz
Acknowledgements
As with most books, this one is the result of many years of hard work by many dedicated people.
It reflects the knowledge and experience of an international network of contributors that has been
established over several decades through publications, meetings, workshops, and conferences. In
fact, the work on the book itself has strengthened the circumpolar network among reindeer and
caribou biologists, managers and veterinarians. A special thank you goes to Antti Oksanen, who
contributed to the initial ideas and the drafting of the Table of Contents.
Each chapter has been peer reviewed by one or two experts on the topic, and we deeply appreci-
ate their time and effort:
Lars Folkow, UiT – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
Anne Gunn, Salt Spring Island, Canada
Rolf Egil Haugerud, Tromsø, Norway
Doug Heard, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, Canada
Kris Hundertmark, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, USA
Terje D. Josefsen, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
Rob McCorkell, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
Rob Mulley, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
Antti Oksanen, Finnish Food Safety Authority, Oulu, Finland
Rolf-Arne Ølberg, Kristiansand Dyrepark, Kristiansand, Norway
Ulla Rikula, Finnish Food Safety Authority, Helsinki, Finland
Kathreen Ruckstuhl, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
Don Russell, Yukon College, Whitehorse, Canada
Satu Sankari, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Anders Sirén, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Timo Soveri, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Michael A. Tranulis, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
We are also deeply grateful for the many anonymous hands that contributed ideas, language
corrections, translation, editing, information, experience, maps, figures and photos, and patience,
and in other ways supported the project. Special recognition goes to Pat Curry, Michael Polterman,
Sophie Scotter, Anne Cathrine Munthe, Lars Nesse, Sigurður Sigurðsson, Olav Strand, Sondre
Myrvang and Kjell Bitustøyl.
Finally, we would like to thank the Taylor & Francis Group, who played the essential role of sup-
porting and enabling the editors and authors to make this book a reality.
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