Regulation of Photosynthesis

640 Pages·2004·23.7 MB·English

by  Reinhold. G. Herrmann

Regulation of Photosynthesis
Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration
VOLUME 11
Series Editor:
GOVINDJEE
University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A.
Consulting Editors:
Eva-Mari ARO, Turku, Finland
Christine FOYER, Dyfed, U.K.
Elisabeth GANTT, College Park, Maryland, U.S.A.
John H. GOLBECK, University Park, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
Susan S. GOLDEN, College Station, Texas, U.S.A.
Wolfgang JUNGE, Osnabrück, Germany
Hartmut MICHEL, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Kirmiyuki SATOH, Okayama, Japan
The scope of our series, beginning with volume 11, reflects the concept that photosynthesis
and respiration are intertwined with respect to both the protein complexes involved and to the
entire bioenergetic machinery of all life.AdvancesinPhotosynthesis andRespiration is a book
series that provides a comprehensive and state-of-the-art account of research in photo-
synthesis and respiration. Photosynthesis is the process by which higher plants, algae, and
certain species of bacteriatransform and store solar energy in the form of energy-rich organic
molecules. These compounds are in turn used as the energy source for all growth and
reproduction in these and almost all other organisms. As such, virtually all life on the planet
ultimately depends on photosynthetic energy conversion. Respiration, which occurs in
mitochondrial and bacterial membranes, utilizes energy present in organic molecules to fuel a
wide range of metabolic reactions critical for cell growth and development. In addition, many
photosynthetic organisms engage in energetically wasteful photorespiration that begins in the
chloroplast with an oxygenation reaction catalyzed by the same enzyme responsible for
capturing carbon dioxide in photosynthesis. This series of books spans topics from physics to
agronomy and medicine, from femtosecond processes to season long production, from the
photophysics of reaction centers, through the electrochemistry of intermediate electron
transfer, to the physiology of whole orgamisms, and from X-ray christallography of proteins to
the morphology or organelles and intact organisms. The goal of the series is to offer beginning
researchers, advanced undergraduate students, graduate students, and even research
specialists, a comprehensive, up-to-date picture of the remarkable advances across the full
scope of research on photosynthesis, respiration and related processes.
The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume and those of forthcoming volumes
on thebackcover.
Regulation
of
Photosynthesis
Edited by
Eva-Mari Aro
University of Turku, Finland
and
Bertil Andersson
University of Stockholm/Linköping, Sweden
KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS
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Editorial
Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration
I am proud to announce the publication of Volume 11, (8) The Photochemistry of Carotenoids (H.A.
Regulation of Photosynthesis, edited by Eva-Mari Frank, A.J. Young, G. Britton and R.J. Cogdell,
Aro and Bertil Andersson, in our Series. This volume editors, 1999);
is the first one to appear under the new title of (9) Photosynthesis: Physiology and Metabolism
Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration. Further, (R.C. Leegood, T.D. Sharkey and Susanne von
a new beginning is made here with the appointment Caemmerer, editors, 2000); and
of new members of the Board of Consulting Editors. (10) Photosynthesis: Photobiochemistry and
They are: Christine Foyer, UK; Elisabeth Gantt, Photobiophysics (Bacon Ke, author, 2001)
USA; John H. Golbeck, USA; Susan Golden, USA;
See <http://www.wkap.nl/series.htm/AIPH> for
Wolfgang Junge, Germany; Hartmut Michel,
further information and to order these books. Please
Germany; and Kimiyuki Satoh, Japan. I take this
note that the members of the International Society of
opportunity to welcome them and to thank the
Photosynthesis Research, ISPR (<http://www.
members of the previous Board of Consulting Editors:
photosynthesisresearch.org>) receive special
Jan Amesz*, the Netherlands, Eva-Mari Aro, Finland;
discounts.
James Barber, UK; Robert E. Blankenship, USA;
Norio Murata, Japan; and Donald R. Ort, USA. Eva-
Regulatory Aspects of Photosynthesis
Mari has kindly agreed to stay with the Boarduntil
Volume 12, after which we will appoint someone This new volume, Volume 11, is devoted to a critical
devoted solely to the area of “Respiration.” area of photosynthesis, regulation. Regulation is the
key for the optimum functioning of photosynthesis,
Published Volumes and for dealing with both the abiotic (temperature,
-deficiency, drought, and even light) and biotic
The present volume is a sequel to the following ten
stresses that are imposed on the plants. Eva-Mari
volumes in the Advances in Photosynthesis (AIPH)
Aro and Bertil Andersson have provided us with an
series.
authoritative book that has a broad perspective of the
(1) Molecular Biology of Cyanobacteria (D.A. regulatory processes of photosynthesis. I have read
Bryant, editor, 1994); the entire book and am impressed with the
(2) Anoxygenic Photosynthetic Bacteria (R.E. thoroughness of each chapter; it is a unique book in
Blankenship, M.T. Madigan and C.E. Bauer, a rapidly growing field of plant biology. I predict that
editors, 1995); this book will remain a major resource in the area of
(3) Biophysical Techniques in Photosynthesis ‘regulatory processes’ for decades to come. It provides
(J. Amesz and A.J. Hoff, editors, 1996); the genetic and biochemical basis of: regulation of
(4) Oxygenic Photosynthesis: The Light Reactions chloroplast gene expression and signal transduction;
(D.R. Ort and C.F. Yocum, editors, 1996); how nuclear and chloroplast genomes cooperate;
(5) Photosynthesis and the Environment (N.R. how photosynthesis controls its own functions
Baker, editor, 1996); through redox regulation and through metabolism of
(6) Lipids in Photosynthesis: Structure, Function the end-products; how proteins are correctly placed
and Genetics (P.-A. Siegenthaler and N. Murata, in the membranes; biogenesis and assembly of
editors, 1998); photosynthetic apparatus; and, how a myriad of
(7) The Molecular Biology of Chloroplasts and enzymes, present at low levels, control and regulate
Mitochondria in Chlamydomonas (J.-D. many processes in the photosynthetic cells, among
Rochaix, M. Goldschmidt-Clermont and other topics. This book is highlysuitable for advanced
Sabeeha Merchant, editors, 1998); undergraduate and graduate students, beginning
researchers, and even experts in the areas of plant
* DeceasedJanuary 29, 2001 biochemistry; plant physiology; plant molecular
biology; molecularandcellularbiology; integrative (3) Photosynthetic Nitrogen Assimilation and
biology; microbiology; and plant biology. Associated Organic Acid Metabolism (Editors:
C.H. Foyer and G. Noctor);
The Scope of the Series (4) Chlorophyll a Fluorescence: A Signature of
Photosynthesis (Editors: G. Papageorgiou and
We expect that the scope of our series, beginning
Govindjee); and,
with this volume, will reflect the concept that
(5) Photosystem II: The Water/Plastoquinone
photosynthesis and respiration are intertwined with
Oxido-reductase in Photosynthesis (Editors: T.
respect to both the protein complexes involved and to
Wydrzynski and K. Satoh).
the entire bioenergetic machinery of all life. Advances
in Photosynthesis andRespiration is a book series In addition to these contracted books, invitations
providing a comprehensive and state-of-the-art are out for several books. Topics planned are: Archael,
account of research in photosynthesis and respiration. Bacterial and Plant Respiration; Protein Complexes
Photosynthesis is the process by which higher plants, of Photosynthesis and Respiration; Photoinhibition
algae, and certain species of bacteria transform and and Photoprotection; Photosystem I; Protonation and
store solar energy in the form of energy-rich organic ATP Synthesis; Global Aspects of Photosynthesis;
molecules. These compounds are in turn used as the Functional Genomics; History of Photosynthesis;
energy source for all growth and reproduction in The Chlorophylls; The Cytochromes; The Chloro-
these and almost all other organisms. As such, plast; Laboratory Methods for Studying Leaves and
virtually all life on the planet ultimately depends on Whole Plants; and C-3 and C-4 Plants. In view of the
photosynthetic energy conversion. Respiration, which interdisciplinary character of research in photo-
occurs in mitochondrial and bacterial membranes, synthesis and respiration, it is my earnest hope that
utilizes energy present in organic molecules to fuel a this series of books will be used in educating students
wide range of metabolic reactions critical for cell and researchers not only in Plant Sciences, Molecular
growth and development. In addition, many and Cell Biology, Integrative Biology, Biotechnology,
photosynthetic organisms engage in energetically Agricultural Sciences,Microbiology,Biochemistry,
wasteful photorespiration that begins in the and Biophysics, but also in Bioengineering,
chloroplast with an oxygenation reaction catalyzed Chemistry, and Physics.
by the same enzyme responsible for capturing carbon I take this opportunity to thank Eva-Mari Aro;
dioxide in photosynthesis. This series of books spans Bertil Andersson; all the authors of volume 11; Larry
topicsfrom physics to agronomy and medicine, from Orr; Jacco Flipsen, Gloria Verhey; and my wife
femtosecond processes to season long production, Rajni Govindjee for their valuable help and support
from the photophysics of reaction centers, through that made the publication of Regulatory Aspects of
the electrochemistry of intermediate electron transfer, Photosynthesis possible.
to the physiology of whole organisms, and from Readers are requested to send their suggestions
X-ray crystallography of proteins to the morphology for future volumes, authors or editors to me by
of organelles and intactorganisms. The intent of the E-mail ([email protected]) or fax [phone]).
series is to offer beginning researchers, advanced
undergraduatestudents,graduate students, and even May 14, 2001
research specialists, a comprehensive, up-to-date Govindjee
picture of the remarkable advances across the full Series Editor,
scope of research on bioenergetics and carbon Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration
metabolism. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Department of Plant Biology
Future Books 265 Morrill Hall
505 South Goodwin Avenue
The readers of the current series are encouraged to
Urbana, IL 61801-3707, U.S.A.
watch for the publication of the forthcoming books:
(1) Light-harvesting Antennas in Photosynthesis Email: [email protected]
(Editors:B.R. Green and W.W. Parson); URL: http://www.life.uiuc.edu/govindjee
(2) Photosynthesis in Algae (Editors: A.W.D.
Larkum, S. Douglas, and J.A. Raven);
vi
Contents
Editorial v
Contents vii
Preface xvii
Color Plates CP-1
Part I: Evolution, Complexity andRegulation ofPhotosynthetic
Structures
1 Thylakoid Biogenesis and Dynamics:The Result ofa Complex
Phylogenetic Puzzle 1–28
Reinhold. G. Herrmann and Peter Westhoff
Summary 1
I. Introduction 2
II. Aspectsof Chloroplast and PlantGenome Evolution—Plant Genome
Structure 5
III. Functional Consequences of Genome Rearrangement—Regulatory Levels 11
IV. The Impact of Multicellularity and Terrestrial Life upon Thylakoid Biogenesis 18
V. Maintenance and Acclimation ofThylakoids 19
VI. Outlook—NewApproaches 21
Acknowledgments 23
References 23
Part II: Gene Expression andSignalTransduction
2 Plastid RNA Polymerases in Higher Plants 29–49
Karsten LiereandPalMaliga
Summary 29
I. Introduction 30
II. The Plastid-Encoded Plastid RNAPolymerase (PEP) 31
III. The Nuclear-Encoded Plastid RNAPolymerase (NEP) 39
IV. The RoleofNEPand PEP in PlastidGene Expression 43
V. Unsolved Mystery: tRNA Transcription 43
Acknowledgments 44
References 44
vii
3 Phytochrome and Regulation Of Photosynthetic
Gene Expression 51–66
Michael Malakhov and Chris Bowler
Summary 51
I. Introduction 52
II. Activation of Phytochrome and Other Photoreceptors 52
III. Second Messengers in Phytochrome Signal Transduction 53
IV. Genetic Approaches to Dissect Phytochrome Signaling 54
V. Nuclear-Localized Components of the Light Signaling Machinery 57
VI. Interactions Between Phytochrome and Other Signaling Pathways 61
VII. Concluding Remarks 62
Acknowledgments 62
References 63
4 Regulating Synthesis ofthe Purple Bacterial Photosystem 67–83
Carl E. Bauer
Summary 67
I. Introduction 68
II. The Purple Bacterial Photosystem 68
III. The Photosynthesis Gene Cluster 69
IV. Regulating PhotosystemSynthesis 70
V. Concluding Statements 79
Acknowledgment 79
References 79
5 Redox Regulation of Photosynthetic Genes 85–107
Gerhard Link
Summary 85
I. Introduction 86
II. Redox Regulation of Nuclear Genes for Photosynthetic Proteins 89
III. Redox Regulation of Gene Expression Inside the Chloroplast 93
IV. Outlook 100
Acknowledgments 102
References 102
6 Sugar Sensing and Regulation of Photosynthetic
Carbon Metabolism 109–120
Uwe Sonnewald
Summary 109
I. Photosynthetic Carbon Metabolism in Plants 110
II. Sink Regulation of Photosynthesis 112
III. Sugar Regulation of Gene Expression 114
Acknowledgment 118
References 118
viii
7 Editing, Polyadenylation and Degradation of mRNA
in the Chloroplast 121–126
Gadi Schuster and Ralph Bock
Summary 121
I. Introduction 122
II. RNA Editing in the Chloroplast 122
III. Polyadenylation and Degradation of mRNA in the Chloroplast 126
Acknowledgments 132
References 133
8 Regulation of Chloroplast Translation 137–151
Aravind Somanchi and Stephen P. Mayfield
Summary 137
I. Introduction 138
II. Translation in the Chloroplast—An Overview 138
III. Translational Regulation in the Chloroplast 139
IV. Mechanism of Translational Activation 145
V. Conclusions and Perspectives 147
References 148
Part III: Biogenesis, Turnover and Senescence
9 Proteins Involved in Biogenesis of the Thylakoid Membrane 153–175
Klaas Jan van Wijk
Summary 153
I. Introduction 154
II. Chloroplast Proteins Involved in Targeting and Insertion into the
Thylakoid Membrane 155
III. Peptidases and Proteases Responsible for Processing and Turnover 161
IV. Proteins involved in Folding and Post-translational Modifications 162
V. Proteins Assisting in Protein and Cofactor Transport, Storage and Ligation 163
VI. Vesicles Formation, Low Density Membranes and Tubules 167
VII. Proteomics as a Tool for Identification of Proteins involved in
Thylakoid Biogenesis 168
VIII. Conclusions and Perspectives 169
Acknowledgments 170
References 170
10 Peptidyl-Prolyl Isomerases and Regulation of Photosynthetic
Functions 177–193
Alexander V. Vener
Summary 177
I. Introduction 178
II. Structure and Function of Peptidyl-Prolyl Isomerases (PPIases) 179
III. Plant PPIases 184
ix