Table Of ContentRegulation of
Gene Expression in
Animal Viruses
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Volume 240—Regulation of Gene Expression in Animal Viruses
edited by Luis Carrasco, Nahum Sonenberg, and Eckard Wimmer
Series A: Life Sciences
Regulation of
Gene Expression in
Animal Viruses
Edited by
Luis Carrasco
Universidad Autönoma de Madrid
Madrid, Spain
Nahum Sonenberg
McGill University
Montreal, Canada
and
Eckard Wimmer
State University of New York at Stony Brook
Stony Brook, New York
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Study Institute on
Regulation of Gene Expression in Animal Viruses,
held May 30-June 8, 1992,
in Mallorca, Spain
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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Regulation of gene expression in animal viruses / edited by Luis Carrasco, Na hum Son en berg, and
Eckard Wimmer.
p. cm.—(NATO ASI series. Series A, Life sciences; v. 240)
"Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Study Institute on Regulation of Gene Expression in Animal
Viruses, held May 30-June 8,1992, in Mallorca, Spain"—T.p. verso.
Includes bibliographical reference and index.
ISBN 978-1-4613-6271-5 ISBN 978-1-4615-2928-6 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-2928-6
1. Viral genetics—Congresses. 2. Genetic regulation—Congresses. I. Carrasco, Luis, 1949-
II. Sonenberg, Nahum. III. Wimmer, Eckard. IV. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Scientific Affairs
Division. V. NATO Advanced Study Institute on Regulation of Gene Expression in Animal Viruses
(1992: Palma, Spain) VI. Series.
[DNLM: 1. Gene Expression Regulation, Viral—congresses. 2. Genes, Viral—congresses. QW160
R344 1992]
QR456.R44 1993
576'.6484-<Jc20
DNLM/DLC 92-48456
for Library of Congress CIP
ISBN 978-1-4613-6271-5
© 1993 Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Plenum Press in 1993
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1993
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
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recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
PREFACE
Viruses, being obligatory parasites of their host cells, rely on a vast
supply of cellular components for their replication, regardless of whether
infection leads to cell death or to the state of persistence. Animal viruses
are providing scientists with relatively simple models to study the
molecular biology of genome replication and gene expression. Whereas
viruses use, in general, pathways of macromolecular biosynthesis
common to the host cell, they have a cunning ability to adopt unusual
mechanisms of gene expression and gene replication, provided these
special pathways offer an advantage in competition for cellular resources.
Any study of viral gene expression and replication is likely to lead also to
new insights in cellular metabolism. The discoveries of cis-acting
regulatory elements in transcription, the phenomenon of splicing of pre
mRNA, and cap-dependent and cap-independent initiation of translation
may be cited as examples. In addition, animal virus genomes contain
elements and encode proteins that are very useful for the design of vectors
for gene cloning and expression in mammalian cells.
Apart from the basic interest in their biology, viruses have gained
notoriety, of course, because they are pathogens. Human animal viruses
may cause diseases ranging from the deadly (AIDS) to the benign
(common cold). All studies on animal viruses potentially lead to the
development of tools for their control, be it through prevention by
immunization or treatment with antiviral drugs. Finally, viruses have
yielded invaluable reagents in molecular biology as, for example, the
vaccinia virus vector for the expression of foreign genes.
This volume contains contrubutions from the faculty of a NATO
Advanced Study Institute. The articles summarize the subjects presented
at a meeting entitled "The Regulation of Gene Expression in Animal
Viruses" that took place in Mallorca, Spain, in May/June, 1992; they
convey, in the opinion of the editors, an unabated excitement about basic
research in animal virology.
v
The aim of the Mallorca meeting was to gather scientists and
students interested in different animal viruses. Many aspects of
molecular virology and concepts of viral pathogenesis were discussed:
virus structure at the atomic level, gene expression of DNA viruses,
molecular biology and gene variation of viruses containing reverse
transcriptase, gene expression and pathogenicity of RNA viruses with
double- and single-stranded RNA genomes. This overview is far from
complete but it summarizes important topics of a rapidly moving field in
biological sciences that has had, and will continue to have, an enormous
impact on diverse disciplines such as basic cell biology and human health
care.
June, 1992 Luis Carrasco
Nahum Sonenberg
Eckard Wimmer
vi
CONTENTS
Structure ofa human rhinovirus complexed with its receptor molecule ............... 1
Norman H. Olson, Prasanna R. Kolatkar, Marcos A. Oliveira, R.
Holland Cheng, Jeffrey M. Greve, Alan McClelland, Timothy S.
Baker, and Michael G. Rossmann
Cascade regulation of vaccinia virus gene expression .......................................... 13
Bernard Moss
Regulation of alpha and gamma gene expression in cells infected with
herpes simplex viruses ................................................................................ 25
D. Spector, F.C. Purves, R.W. King, and B. Roizman
Transcriptional activation by the adenovirus EIA proteins ............................... .43
Brian A. Lewis and Thomas Shenk
Mechanisms regulating nucleocapsid formation of the hepatitis B
viruses .......................................................................................................... 49
Ralf Bartenschlager and Heinz Schaller
Transcriptional activation by the hepatitis B virus X protein ............................. 67
Robert Lucito and Robert J. Schneider
Regulation of human immunodeficiency virus structural protein
expression ..................................................................................................... 81
and virion formation
Hans-Georg KraussIich
Transcription factors of the ETS family: The example ofC-ETSl ....................... 93
Kay Macleod, Bernard Vandebunder, and Dominique Stehelin
Infectious influenza viruses from eDNA-derived RNA: reverse genetics .......... 107
Adolfo Garcia-Sastre and Peter Palese
Structure and function of the vesicular stomatitis virus RNA-
dependent RNA polymerase ...................................................................... 115
Sailen Barik, Adrienne Takacs, Tapas Das, David Sleat, and Amiya
K. Banerjee
vii
RNA Synthesis and mRNA Editing in Paramyxovirus Infections ..................... 125
Joseph Curran, Thierry Pelet, Jean-Philippe Jacques, and Daniel
Kolakofsky
Antigenic variation of human respiratory syncytial virus G
Glycoprotein: Genetic mechanisms and evolutionary
significance ................................................................................................. 141
Jose A. Melero, Paloma Rueda, and Blanca Garcia-Barreno
Translation regulation by reovirus structural proteins ...................................... 151
Aaron J. Shatkin, Ramona M. Lloyd, Laurie S. Seliger, and Lucia
Tillotson
The regulation of coronavirus gene expression ................................................... 163
Stuart G. Siddell
Interaction of initiation factors and capsid protein with the cap
structure of chimaeric MRNAS containing the 5' untranslated
regions of the RNAS of semliki forest virus .............................................. 171
Gerda Berben-Bloemheuvel and Harry O. Voorma
Aspects of the molecular biology of poliovirus replication .................................. 189
James Harber and Eckard Wimmer
3CD Cleavage of the poliovirus PI precursor: a model for complex
proteinase/substrate interactions ............................................................. 225
Wade S. Blair, Xiaoyu Li, and Bert L. Semler
Studies on the mechanism of internal initiation of translation on
poliovirus RNA ........................................................................................... 245
Karen Meerovitch and Nahum Sonenberg
Picornavirus Variation .......................................................................................... 255
Esteban Domingo, Cristina Escarmis, Encarnaci6n Martinez-Salas,
Montserrat Martin, Mauricio G. Mateu, and Miguel A. Martinez
Modification of membrane permeability by animal viruses ............................... 283
Luis Carrasco, Luis,per.e.z, Alicia Irurzun, Juan Lama, Francisco
Martinez-Abarca, Pedro Rodriguez, Rosario Guinea, Jose Luis
Castrillo, Miguel Angel Sanz and ~ Jose Ayala
Poliovirus neurovirulence and its attenuation .................................................... 305
Vadim I. Agol
Index ....................................................................................................................... 323
viii
STRUCTURE OF A HUMAN RHINOVIRUS COMPLEXED WITH ITS
RECEPI'OR MOLECULE
Norman H. Olson!, Prasanna R. Kolatkar!, Marcos A. Oliveira!, R.
Holland Cheng!, Jeffrey M. Greve2, Alan McClelland2,3, Timothy S.
Baker! and Michael G. Rossmann!,4
!Department of Biological Sciences
Purdue University
West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1392, USA
2Institute for Molecular Biologicals
Miles INC.
400 Morgan Lane
West Haven, Connecticut 06516-4175, USA
3Present address: Genetic Therapy INC.
19 Firstfield Road
Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20878, USA
4To whom correspondence should be addressed.
INTRODUCTION
Human rhinoviruses are one of the major causes of the common cold.
They, like other picornaviruses, are icosahedral assemblies of 60 protomers
that envelope a single, positive-sense strand of RNA. Each protomer consists
of four polypeptides, VP1 -VP4. The three external viral proteins (VP1 - VP3)
each have an approximate molecular weight of 30,000 and a similar folding
topology (Rossmann et ai., 1985; Hogle et ai., 1985). The external viral radius
is -150 A and the total molecular weig-ht is roughly 8.5 x 106. A surface
depression, or canyon, that is about 12 A deep and 12 - 15 A wide, encircles
each pentagonal vertex (Fig. 1C). Residues lining the canyon are more
conserved than other surface residues among rhinovirus serotypes3. The
most variable surface residues are at the sites of attachment of neutralizing
antibodies (Rossmann et ai., 1985; Sherry and Ruecker, 1985; Sherry et ai.,
1986). It has been proposed that the cellular receptor molecule recognized by
the virus binds to conserved residues in the canyon, thus escaping
neutralization by host antibodies that are too big to penetrate into that region.
This hypothesis (Rossmann et ai., 1985; Rossmann, 1989) is supported by
site-directed mutagenesis of residues lining the canyon which alters the
ability of the virus to attach to HeLa cell membranes (Colonno et ai., 1988).
Regulation of Gene Expression in Animal Viruses, Edited by
L. Carrasco et al., Plenum Press. New York, 1993
Figure 1. Cryoelectron microscopy of HRV16 particles and their complex with D1D2. (A)
Native HRV16. (B) HRV16:D1D2 complex. D1D2 molecules (the two amino terminal
domains of ICAM-l) are seen edge-on at the periphery of the virions (large arrow), or end-on
in projection (small arrow). Cryoelectron microscopy was performed essentially as
described by Cheng et al. (1992) with images recorded at a nominal magnification of 49,OOOX
and with an electron dose of -20e-/A2. (C) Schematic diagram of HRV showing the
icosahedral symmetry, subunit organization and canyon (shaded). Thick lines encircle
five protomers ofVP1, VP2, and VP3. The fourth viral protein, VP4, is inside the capsid. (D)
Stereoview of the reconstruction of the HRV16:D1D2 complex, viewed along an icosahedral
twofold axis in approximately the same orientation as in (C). Sixty D1D2 molecules are
bound to symmetry-equivalent position at the twelve canyon regions on the virion. The
reconstruction was modified to correct for defocus and amplitude contrast effects present in
the original micrographs (R.H. Cheng, manuscript submitted). (E) Shaded-surface view of
HRV14, computed from the atomic structure (Rossmann et al., 1985), truncated to 2o·A
resolution. The triangular outline of one icosahedral asymmetric unit corresponding to that
in (C) is indicated.
Also, conformational changes in the floor of the canyon, produced by certain
antiviral agents that bind into a pocket beneath the canyon floor, inhibit viral
attachment to cellular membranes (Pevear et al., 1985). Conservation of the
viral attachment site inside a surface depression has been observed for
Mengo (Kim et al., 1990) and influenza virus (Weis et al., 1988; Colman et al.,
1983).
There are well over 100 rhinovirus serotypes, which can be divided into
roughly two groups according to the cellular receptor they recognize
(Abraham and Colonno, 1984; Uncapher et al., 1991). The structures of
human rhinovirus 14 (HRV14) (Rossmann et al., 1985), which belongs to the
major group of serotypes, and of HRV1A (Kim et ai., 1989), which belongs to
2
