Reference Materials in Analytical Chemistry: A Guide for Selection and Use

235 Pages·2000·5.01 MB·English

by  Adolf Zschunke (auth.)

Springer Series in
MATERIALS SCIENCE 40
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A. Zschunke (Ed.)
Reference Materials
in Analytical Chemistry
A Guide for Selection and Use
With 30 Figures and 34 Tables
t
Springer
Prof. Dr. Adolf Zschunke
Bundesanstalt fUr Metallforschung und -priifung
Richard -Willstătter -Str as se 11,
12489 Berlin, Germany
Series Editors:
Prof. Alex Zunger Prof. Robert Hull
NREL University of Virginia
National Renewable Energy Laboratory Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering
1617 Cole Boulevard Thornton Hali
Golden Colorado 80401-3393, USA Charlottesville, VA 22903-2442, USA
Prof. R. M. Osgood, Jr. Prof. H. Sakaki
Microelectronics Science Laboratory Institute of Industrial Science
Department of Electrical Engineering University of Tokyo
Columbia University 7-22-1 Roppongi, Minato-ku
Seeley W. Mudd Building Tokyo 106, Japan
New York, NY 10027, USA
ISSN 0933-033x
ISBN 978-3-642-63097-2 ISBN 978-3-642-56986-9 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-56986-9
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data.
Reference materials in analytical chemistry: a guide for selection and use/A. Zschunke (ed.). p.cm.
(Springer series in materials science, ISSN 0933-033x; 40). Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Chemistry, analytic-Quality control. 2. Materials-Standards. 1. Zschunke, A.
(Adolf), 1937-. Il. Springer series in materials science; v. 40. QD75.4.Q34 f43 2000 543'.00218-dc21 00-039464
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Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York in 2000.
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Preface
Analytical chemistry is increasingly becoming an important basis for decision
making in science, economy, trade, health care, environmental and consumer
protection, sports and jurisdiction. In all spheres, analytical results need to
fulfill a purpose. This means being accurate to a specified extent according
to the required level of uncertainty, as well as being comparable, depending
on the range of validity. In many cases, this range is global. Reference ma
terials are important tools for meeting these demands. Driving forces behind
the increasing diversification of reference materials also include the rapid
development of analytical chemistry, the development of new methods and
applications, and the inclusion of new analytes, matrices and materials. The
growing need for reference materials is giving rise to an increasing demand for
information, orientation and stimulation. Laboratory staff have questions on
calibration, validation, home-made reference materials and certified reference
materials. This book is a handbook for analytical chemists and technical per
sonnel in analytical laboratories, where it should become a standard reference
work.
Berlin, February 2000 A. Zschunke
Contents
1 Introduction
Adolf Zschunke
1.1 Analytical Thinking ........................................ 1
1.2 Demands on Analytical Chemistry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3 Measures Designed to Build Confidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.4 References................................................. 7
2 Classification of Reference Materials
Werner Hiisselbarth
2.1 Definitions................................................. 10
2.2 Physical Character ......................................... 12
2.3 Supplied Property. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 15
2.4 Metrological Qualification ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 16
2.5 Preparation Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 18
2.6 Intended Use .............................................. 20
2.7 References................................................. 23
3 Certification of Reference Materials
3.1 Procedures and Strategies. By T. Tamberg .................... 25
3.2 Definitions of Terms and Modes Used at NIST
for Value-Assignment of Reference Materials
for Chemical Measurement. By W. May et al. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 34
3.3 Data Assessment: Influence of Homogeneity and Stability
on the Reliability of Certified Amounts. By S. Noack. . . . . . . . . . .. 50
3.4 References................................................. 55
4 Reference Materials in Materials Testing
Klaus Meyer and Ralf Matschat
4.1 Strategies................................................. 57
4.2 Preparation................................................ 82
4.3 Special Qualities and Properties (Types of Reference Materials) .. 91
4.4 Applications............................................... 97
4.5 References ................................................. 138
VIII Contents
5 Reference Materials in Environmental Studies
Irene Nehls and Tin Win
5.1 Reference Materials in Environmental Analysis ................. 143
5.2 Matrix Reference Materials in Environmental Analysis .......... 146
5.3 Use of Matrix Reference Materials ............................ 155
5.4 References ................................................. 165
6 Reference Materials in Clinical
and Forensic Toxicological Analysis
Fritz Pragst and Wolf-Rudiger Kiilpmann
6.1 Problems of Human Toxicological Analysis ..................... 167
6.2 Qualitative Analysis ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 171
6.3 Forensic Ethanol Determination .............................. 176
6.4 Drugs in Blood and Urine ................................... 179
6.5 Metabolites in Toxicological Analysis ......................... 188
6.6 Reference Materials in Hair Analysis .......................... 192
6.7 References ................................................. 194
7 Use of Reference Materials in Gas Analysis
Bruno Reimann
7.1 Particularities of Gases and Gas Mixtures ..................... 199
7.2 References ................................................. 204
8 The International Network
Harry Klich
8.1 ISO ....................................................... 205
8.2 COMAR: The International Database for CRMs ............... 211
8.3 IAEA ..................................................... 214
8.4 AOAC .................................................... 215
8.5 European Activities ......................................... 215
8.6 International and Regional Conferences ....................... 216
8.7 Classification of EURONORM-CRMs ......................... 217
8.8 References ................................................. 218
Index ......................................................... 219
List of Abbreviations
AAS Atomic absorption spectrometry
AOAC Association of Official Analytical Chemists
AQCS Analytical Quality Control Services (IAEA)
BAM Bundesanstalt fUr Materialforschung und -priifung
(Germany)
BAS Bureau of Analysed Samples (UK)
BCR Bureau Communautaire de Reference (EC bureau of
reference)
BCS British Chemical Standards
BERM International symposium on Biological and Environmental
Reference Materials
BIPM International Bureau of Weights and Measures (Paris)
BMEMC Beijing Municipal Environmental Monitoring Centre
CAP College of American Pathologists
CBNM Central Bureau for Nuclear Measurements (EC)
CCQM Comite Consultatif pour la Quantite de Matiere
CEN Comite Europeen de Normalisation
CENAM Centro N acional de Metrologia (Mexico)
CERM Central European Conference on Reference Materials
CIPM International Committee for Weights and Measures
COCR! Cereal and Oil Chemistry Research Institute (China)
COMAR Database for certified reference materials
COWS (WASP) Commission on World Standards of the World Association
of Societies of Pathology
CRM Certified reference material
CSTL NIST Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory
CTIF Centre Technique des Industries de la Fonderie (France)
DAD Photodiode array detection
DANREF Danish center for chemical reference materials
DSC Differential scanning calorimetry
DUREM Indian national workshop on development and use
of environmental reference materials
EA European co-operation for Accreditation
EC European Community
X List of Abbreviations
ECCLS European Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards
ECISS European Committee for Iron and Steel Standardization
EIGA European Industrial Gases Association
EMCHJ Enivronmental Monitoring Centre in Heilong Jiang
(China)
EMPA Eidgenossische Materialprufungs- und Forschungs
anstalt (CH)
EP European Pharmacopoeia
EURACHEM Association of European Chemical Laboratories
EUROLAB European Federation of National Associations
of Measurement, Testing and Analytical Laboratories
FDA Federal Drug Administration (USA)
FDSI Food Detection Science Institute (China)
FECS Federation of European Chemical Societies
FIA Flow injection analysis
GC Gas chromatography
GD Glow discharge
GDMB Gesellschaft fUr Bergbau, Metallurgie, Rohstoff
und Umwelttechnik (Germany)
GTFch Gesellschaft fur Forensische und Toxikologische Chemie
(Germany)
GUM Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement
HOMEX BAM programme for data evaluation
HPLC High performance liquid chromatography
IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency
Iep Inductively coupled plasma
IDMS Isotope dilution mass spectrometry
IEC International Electrotechnical Commission
IEC Institute of Environmental Chemistry (China)
IFCC International Federation of Clinical Chemistry
IGGE Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration
(China)
ILAC International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation
IMEP International Measurement Evaluation Programme
INA A Instrumental neutron activation analysis
lOC International Olympic Committee
IRMM Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements
(CEC Joint Research Centre)
IRSID Institut de Recherches de la Siderurgie Franc;aise
(France)
ISO International Standardization Organization
ITS-90 International Temperature Scale of 1990
IUPAC International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
JCS Japan Ceramic Society