Table Of ContentREDUCING ERGOVALINE AND ERGOT ALKALOID CONCENTRATIONS
THROUGH FERTILIZER, HERBICIDE AND CLIPPING MANAGEMENT
_______________________________________________________________________
A Dissertation
Presented to
The Faculty of the Graduate School
University of Missouri – Columbia
________________________________________________________________________
In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the Degree
Doctor of Philosophy
________________________________________________________________________
by
WENDI MARIE ROGERS
Craig Roberts, Dissertation Supervisor
MAY 2010
© Copyright by Wendi Rogers 2010
All Rights Reserved
The undersigned, appointed by the Dean of the Graduate School, have examined
the dissertation entitled.
REDUCING ERGOVALINE AND ERGOT ALKALOID CONCENTRATIONS
THROUGH FERTILIZER, HERBICIDE AND CLIPPING MANAGEMENT
presented by Wendi Marie Rogers
a candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy
and hereby certify that in their opinion it is worthy of acceptance
_____________________________________________
Dr. Craig A. Roberts
_____________________________________________
Dr. Robert L. Kallenbach
_____________________________________________
Dr. George E. Rottinghaus
_____________________________________________
Dr. Donald E. Spiers
_____________________________________________
Dr. Abner W. Womack
This dissertation is dedicated to my parents, Clyde and Linda Rogers. If I had not
had their support and encouragement over the years, everything would have been very
difficult.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to thank Dr. Craig Roberts for providing the opportunity for me to
obtain a doctoral degree.
I would like to thank the following for their hard work and support: Ryan Lock,
Heather Benedict, Patrick Teoh, Ying Ying, Matt Massie, Dr. Dave Davies, Forage
Systems Research Center, Linneus, MO, Valerie Tate, Forage Systems Research Center,
Linneus, MO, Dr. Dale Blevins, Dr. Will McClain, Dr. Robert Kallenbach, Dr. George
Rottinghaus, Dr. Donald Spiers, Dr. Nick Hill, University of Georgia, Kimberly Hill,
Agrinostics, Ltd. Dr. John Andrea, Clemson University, Greg Durham, University of
Georgia, Elizabeth Hamilton, Dr. Abner Womack, Food and Agriculture Research
Institute, University of Missouri (FAPRI), Dr. Scott Brown, FAPRI, Brent Carpenter,
FAPRI, Melvin Brees, FAPRI, Dr. Pat Guinan, University of Missouri State Extension
Climatologist, Dr. George Justice, Vice Provost for Advanced Studies and Dean of the
Graduate School and University of Missouri‘s Interlibrary Borrowing Office (ILL@MU).
I would like to thank my former FAPRI supervisor, Dr. Verl Benson and my coworkers,
in particular Dr. Todd Farrand, Dr. Walaiporn Intarapapong and Judy Richards for their
support and encouragement throughout the doctoral process. Thank you to Dr. Norma
Fisk, Jan Lysaght and Julie Barry for their priceless assistance with the dissertation,
defense and life in general.
I would like to thank the Columbia, MO Tai Chi Chuan community for their
support, encouragement and their assistance in maintaining my sanity, including (in no
particular order), Pablo Mendoza, Kenny Greene, Brandon Smith, Dr. Sandy Matsuda,
Gladys Swan, Micheal Crist, Charles Baerwald, Dr. W. ‗Kal‘ Johnson, John Gage and
Dale Langford. I think of everyone in the Tai Chi Chuan community as my teachers.
Thank you, for taking this journey with me.
If you feel I have forgotten to thank you by name, I mean no disrespect. I
recognize this dissertation project would not have been possible without the assistance of
many people.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................ ii
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. ix
LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... xii
LIST OF EQUATIONS .................................................................................................... xv
ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... xvi
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW ................................... 1
Literature Review................................................................................................................ 2
Economics of Fescue Toxicosis ...................................................................................... 2
Physiological or Clinical Signs ....................................................................................... 4
Animal Behavior or Clinical Symptoms ......................................................................... 7
Tall Fescue ...................................................................................................................... 7
Neotyphodium coenophialum .......................................................................................... 8
Ergot Alkaloids ............................................................................................................... 8
Ergovaline ..................................................................................................................... 10
Plant Nutrients ............................................................................................................... 10
Phosphorus .................................................................................................................... 16
Limestone ...................................................................................................................... 21
Herbicide ....................................................................................................................... 25
Ergopeptine Fluctuation ................................................................................................ 28
iii
Summary ....................................................................................................................... 33
Bibliography ..................................................................................................................... 35
CHAPTER 2: THE EFFECT OF CLETHODIM HERBICIDE ON
ERGOVALINE AND ERGOT ALKALOID CONCENTRATIONS .............................. 46
Objective ........................................................................................................................... 46
Methods and Procedures ................................................................................................... 46
Experimental Site .......................................................................................................... 46
Sample Collection and Laboratory Analysis ................................................................. 47
Statistical Analysis ........................................................................................................ 48
Results and Discussion ..................................................................................................... 48
Ergovaline Concentration .............................................................................................. 48
Ergot Alkaloid Concentration ....................................................................................... 50
Conclusions ....................................................................................................................... 51
Figures and Tables ............................................................................................................ 52
Bibliography ..................................................................................................................... 61
CHAPTER 3: THE EFFECT OF POULTRY LITTER AND ITS CHEMICAL
EQUIVALENT ON ERGOVALINE AND ERGOT ALKALOID
CONCENTRATIONS ...................................................................................................... 63
Objective ........................................................................................................................... 63
Methods and Procedures ................................................................................................... 63
Experimental Site .......................................................................................................... 63
Fertilizer Treatment ....................................................................................................... 64
Sample Collection and Laboratory Analysis ................................................................. 65
Statistics Analysis ......................................................................................................... 66
iv
Results and Discussion ..................................................................................................... 66
Ergovaline Concentration .............................................................................................. 66
Ergot Alkaloid Concentration ....................................................................................... 69
Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 69
Figures and Tables ............................................................................................................ 70
Bibliography ..................................................................................................................... 81
CHAPTER 4: THE EFFECT OF PHOSPHORUS ON ERGOVALINE
AND ERGOT ALKALOID CONCENTRATIONS ......................................................... 82
Objective ........................................................................................................................... 82
Methods and Procedures ................................................................................................... 82
Experimental Site .......................................................................................................... 82
Phosphorus Treatment ................................................................................................... 83
Sample Collection and Laboratory Analysis ................................................................. 83
Statistical Analysis ........................................................................................................ 84
Results and Discussion ..................................................................................................... 85
Ergovaline Concentration .............................................................................................. 85
Ergot Alkaloid Concentration ....................................................................................... 87
Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 88
Figures and Tables ............................................................................................................ 89
Bibliography ..................................................................................................................... 94
CHAPTER 5: THE EFFECT OF LIMESTONE ON ERGOVALINE
AND ERGOT ALKALOID CONCENTRATIONS ......................................................... 95
Objective ........................................................................................................................... 95
v
Methods and Procedures ................................................................................................... 95
Experimental Site .......................................................................................................... 95
Limestone Treatment ..................................................................................................... 96
Sample Collection and Laboratory Analysis ................................................................. 96
Statistical Analysis ........................................................................................................ 97
Results and Discussion ..................................................................................................... 98
Ergovaline Concentration .............................................................................................. 98
Ergot Alkaloid Concentration ....................................................................................... 99
Conclusions ..................................................................................................................... 100
Figures and Tables .......................................................................................................... 101
Bibliography ................................................................................................................... 105
CHAPTER 6: FLUCTUATION OF ERGOVALINE AND ERGOT
ALKALOID CONCENTRATIONS IN TALL FESCUE REGROWTH ....................... 107
Objective ......................................................................................................................... 107
Methods and Procedures ................................................................................................. 107
Experimental Sites....................................................................................................... 107
Sample Collection and Laboratory Analysis ............................................................... 108
Statistical Analysis ...................................................................................................... 109
Results and Discussion ................................................................................................... 109
Ergovaline Concentration ............................................................................................ 109
Ergot Alkaloid Concentration ..................................................................................... 111
Conclusions ..................................................................................................................... 113
vi
Figures and Tables .......................................................................................................... 115
Bibliography ................................................................................................................... 121
CHAPTER 7: FLUCTUATION OF ERGOVALINE AND ERGOT
ALKALOID CONCENTRATIONS IN ACCUMULATED GROWTH OF
TALL FESCUE .............................................................................................................. 123
Objective ......................................................................................................................... 123
Methods and Procedures ................................................................................................. 123
Experimental Sites....................................................................................................... 123
Sample Collection and Laboratory Analysis ............................................................... 125
Statistical Analysis ...................................................................................................... 125
Results and Discussion ................................................................................................... 126
Ergovaline Concentration ............................................................................................ 126
Ergot Alkaloid Concentration ..................................................................................... 128
Conclusions ..................................................................................................................... 129
Figures and Tables .......................................................................................................... 130
Bibliography ................................................................................................................... 134
CHAPTER 8: ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF REDUCED COW HERD
CALVING RATE AND STOCKER GAIN ................................................................... 136
Objective ......................................................................................................................... 137
Methods and Procedures ................................................................................................. 137
Results and Discussion ................................................................................................... 140
Calving Rate ................................................................................................................ 140
Average Daily Gain ..................................................................................................... 143
Conclusions ..................................................................................................................... 145
vii
Description:REDUCING ERGOVALINE AND ERGOT ALKALOID CONCENTRATIONS.
THROUGH FERTILIZER, HERBICIDE AND CLIPPING MANAGEMENT presented
by
