Table Of Content©EntomologicaFennica.29April2004
Redescription and biology of Limonia badia (Walker)
(Diptera: Limoniidae)
JaroslavStarý&JukkaSalmela
Starý, J. & Salmela, J. 2004: Redescription and biology of Limonia badia
(Walker)(Diptera:Limoniidae).—Entomol.Fennica15:41–47.
Limoniabadia(Walker,1848),previouslyknownfromtheNearcticRegiononly,
isredescribedfromFinland.Itssystematicpositionandbiologyarecurrentlyde-
bated. Limonia indigenoides (Alexander, 1920), another Nearctic species, is
synonymizedwithL.badia.Thespeciesisdistinguishedbyseveraldistinctive
characters, such as the wing pattern and the structure of the male terminalia.
Thesecharactersareillustratedforthefirsttime.Immaturestagesareprobably
associatedwithdecayingwoodofaspen(PopulustremulaL.).Alistofspeciesof
theTipuloideaassociatedwithL.badiainFinland–includingGnophomyiaach-
eronAlexander,1950,aspeciesnewtoEurope–ispresented.
JaroslavStarý,DepartmentofZoologyandAnthropology,FacultyofScience,
Palacký University, tr. Svobody 26, CZ-77146 Olomouc, Czech Republic; E-
mail:[email protected]
JukkaSalmela,DepartmentofBio-andEnvironmentalSciences,P.O.Box35,
FIN-40014UniversityofJyväskylä,Finland;E-mail:[email protected]
Received18August2003,accepted21January2004
1.Introduction 2.Materialandmethods
The genus Limonia Meigen, 1803 is relatively The material was collected with trunk-window
richinspecies:atotalof65taxa(speciesandsub- traps in two localities, Sb (Savonia borealis):
species)areknownfromthePalaearcticRegion Savonranta, central Finland, and Obb (Ostro-
(Savchenkoetal.1992).Thelarvaeofthegenus bothnia):Rovaniemimunicipality,northernFin-
inhabit a wide array of habitats, such as aqua- land, in 1996 (Martikainen 2001). Solution of
tic/semiaquaticandterrestrialsubstrates(Brink- water,saltanddetergentwasusedasapreserva-
mann1991), leafdetritus(Tjeder 1958), decay- tive in the traps, and later the material obtained
ing wood (Beling 1886) and fungi (Lindner waspreservedinethanol. Typespecimenswere
1958). borrowed from The Natural History Museum,
Duringaninvestigationofinsectmaterialcol- Department of Entomology, London, UK
lectedbytrunk-windowtrapsinFinlandin1996, (BMNH)andOhioStateUniversity,Department
some highly interesting species of Tipuloidea ofEntomology,MuseumofBiologicalDiversity,
werediscovered(seesection4.2andAppendix). Columbus,USA(OSU).
The material included Limonia badia (Walker, The morphological terminology follows
1848), a species new to the Palaearctic fauna. McAlpine (1981), except for notation of the
Here,weredescribethespeciesandillustrateits veins, which essentially is in accordance with
diagnosticfeatures. Hennig (1954). The outer radial field in the
42 Starý&Salmela (cid:127) ENTOMOL.FENNICAVol.15
Fig.1.Wingof
Limoniabadia
(Walker)(Fin-
land,Savon-
ranta).Photo:
T.Nieminen.
Limoniinae is interpreted as proposed by Starý 14-segmented, moderatein length, not reaching
(1992),andtheveinsandtheirpartsparticipating tobaseofwing.Scapeandpedicelslightlydarker
intheso-calledreticulationpatternarenamedac- than flagellomeres. Scape cylindrical, about 1.5
cordingly. length of pedicel, the latter short-oval to nearly
spherical.Flagellomeressubovaltoelongate,be-
comingpaler,narrowerandlongertowardsapex
3.Limoniabadia(Walker,1848) of antenna. Terminal segment longest, slightly
constrictedatmidlength,orbeyondit,withlittle-
LimnobiabadiaWalker,1848:46(description). distinct transversal suture at that place, so that
Limonia (Limonia) badia: Alexander 1943: feebly separated segment 15 often distinguish-
300(diagnosis,note,key)(reprinted1966);Al- able.Longestverticilssomewhatmorethantwice
exander1965:43(Nearcticcatalogue). lengthofrespectivesegments.Wholesurfaceof
LimnobiaindigenoidesAlexander,1920:193 flagellum with dense, short, semierect pubes-
(description).syn.nov. cence.
Limonia(Limonia)indigenoides:Alexander, Thorax generally brown, somewhat shiny,
1962: 13 (faun. record); Alexander 1965: 43 partlygreyishpruinose,andvariouslypatterned
(Nearctic catalogue, tentative synonymy with with paler or darker hues. Pronotum essentially
badia). palebrown,withsparsesetaeinanteriorhalfme-
Note:Otherrecordsunderbadiaprobablyre- dially,andwithanothergroupofsetaeatposterior
fer to Dicranomyia (Dicranomyia) humidicola margin.Prescutumdividedincolourintothreear-
OstenSacken,1860. eas by two diffused, longitudinal, yellowish
Diagnosis.Generalcolorationbrown,some- brown streaks, marked with rows of setae. Me-
what shiny, greyish pruinose in parts, patterned dianarea,representingbroadmedianstripe,gen-
withpaleranddarkerhues.Antennamoderatein erallybrown,darkeranteriorly.Palecapillaryline
length,verticilsonflagellomeresovertwicethe splitting median stripe sometimes apparent in
lengthofrespectivesegments.Wingwithdistinct specimens preserved in ethanol (not so in those
stigma,andbroadseamsalongmostoftheveins. dried from ethanol). Lateral areas (stripes) ap-
VenationofgeneraltypeasinotherLimonia,Rs pearingalittlepaler,providedwithfairlydistinct
angulated and spurred, discal cell widened dis- darkbrownpatchatlateralmarginofprescutum,
tally.Femorawithnarrowringbeforetip.Tarsal just before wing base. Scutum distinctly darker
claws slender, with only two teeth near base. onlobesthanmostofprescutum,dirtyyellowish
Gonocoxite of male terminalia with broad ven- brown in middle. Both scutellum and post-
tromesal lobe. Gonostylus comparatively long. scutellumbrown,darkestinmiddle.Pleuronpat-
Paramerebroad,darklypigmented.Bodylength terned with various hues of brown, somewhat
8.5–14mm,winglength8–10mm. shinyandmoregreyishpruinosethanprescutum,
Redescription (male). Head dark brown, with anepisternum, katepisternum and posterior
mostlydull.Palpusandantennabrown,thelatter partofso-calledsubspiracularsclerite(astermed
ENTOMOL.FENNICAVol.15 (cid:127) RedescriptionandbiologyofL.badia 43
Fig.2.Limoniabadia
Walker(Finland,
Savonranta).–a. Dis-
talpartofmalehind
tarsus,lateralview.–
b.Maleterminalia,dor-
salview.c.–Aedeagal
complex,dorsalview.
so by Starý 1992) representing darkest areas. terior margins. Proximal sternites with yellow
Groupofsetaeonlaterotergitedorsally. colourmoreextended.
Wing(Fig.1)tingedwithyellowish,withdis- Legsratherlong,generallyyellowtoyellow-
tinct dark brown stigma and broad seams along ish brown. Coxae and trochanters pale yellow,
mostofveins,mostpronouncedsoalongRs,Cu foreandmidcoxaedarkenedatbase.Femorayel-
and on cross-veins. Insidesofcellswithoutany lowish,withnarrow,notespeciallydark,ringjust
markings. End of Sc darkened. Seamalong Rs beforetip.Tibiaeyellowish,narrowlytippedwith
1
markedly diffused into larger clouds on both darker. Tarsi dark except for base of basitarsus.
ends;distalcloudfusedwithstigma.Venationof The latter long, about three times as long as
generaltypeasinotherLimonia,yetdifferingin tarsomere2,thisabouttwicelengththeoftarso-
manydetailsfrommanyotherEuropeanspecies. mere3.Bothlasttarsomeressubequalinlength,
Sc ratherlong,endingataboutmidlengthofRs. abouthalfthelengthoftarsomere3.Tarsalclaws
1
R (mostly termed cross-vein r or R) slightly (Fig. 2a) rather long and very slender, slightly
2+3 2
lesssoorabouttwiceaslongasR (distalsection shorterthanlasttarsomere,mostlysmooth,with
3
beyondattachmentofcross-veinrofwhatprevi- onlytwoslenderteethnearbase,alongerone,sit-
ouslywastermedR throughitsentirecourse;or uatedmoredistally andalittleshorter thanhalf
1
R ,ordistalsectionofSc invariouspapersby lengthofclawbeyondit,andaminuteproximal
1+2 2
Alexander).Rsangulatedanddistinctly spurred one.
proximally.Discalcellessentiallytrapezoidorir- Maleterminalia(Fig.2b–c):Tergite9gener-
regularly pentagonal (in former case often with ally transversally elliptic, with shallow median
anotherspurdirectedinsidediscalcellatdeflec- emargination at posterior margin enclosed by
tionofM),wideneddistally,withbasalsection palebar.Gonocoxiteshortandstout,withbroad,
3
ofM (withindiscalcell)twiceaslongasm-m,or slightly darkened ventromesal lobe. Gonostylus
3
more,andoftenarched,sothatlowerdistalmar- comparativelylong,swollenatbase,thendrawn
ginofdiscalcellobliquelyconcave.Halterdirty out into long beak, the latter stout and almost
yellowish, comparatively short, slightly dark- straight proximally, gradually narrowed into
enedatmidlengthofstem. slender obtuse tip curved caudally. Gonostylus
Abdomenbrown,withtergitesyellowatpos- mostlydarklypigmented,exceptatbaseandtip,
44 Starý&Salmela (cid:127) ENTOMOL.FENNICAVol.15
and provided with very long setae in proximal fromethanolandmountedonpoints.
half.Aedeagusratherbroad.Paramerebroadand Comparative material: Limonia indigena:
comparatively short, somewhat sclerotized and USA, Pennsylvania, Westmoreland Co., 10 km
conspicuously darkened distally, with subacute SLigonier,PowdermillNatureReserve(400m),
tipdirectedoutwardly.Otherdetailsareevident 27.IX.1986,1(cid:2),1(cid:1)(C.W.Youngleg.etdet.);in
fromFig.2b–c. coll.J.Starý,Olomouc.
Description(female).Resemblesmaleingen- Distribution. Holarctic: Canada: Nova Sco-
eral appearance and structure, but antenna tia; USA: Alaska, Maine; Finland. First record
slightlyshorterthanthoseofmale.Wingvenation fromthePalaearcticRegion.
and wing pattern identical in both sexes. Tarsal
clawsmuchshorterthaninmale,aboutonethird
length of last tarsomere, with two teeth shorter 4.Discussion
thaninmale,otherwise,however,similarinposi-
tionandrelativelength.Incontrasttomale,last 4.1.DistinctionbetweenL.badia
tarsomere longer than penultimate, about 1.5 andotherLimoniaspecies
lengthofthelatter.Femaleterminalia,notexam-
inedindetail,withcercusgenerallyslender,sub- Limoniabadiawasredescribedfromalargese-
equalinlengthtofemaletergite10. riesofspecimens,allteneralinvariousdegrees,
Type material examined. Limonia badia: preservedinethanol,ofwhichafewweresubse-
Holotype(cid:1):[Canada:NovaScotia];inBMNH. quentlydriedfromethanolandmountedoncard-
Labels:“R”(hand-written,agreenrhomboidla- boardpoints.Bothdry-mountedtypespecimens
bel) “Limnobia/ badia/ Walker./ (type).” (hand- examinedappearsomewhatdarker,moregreyish
written)“Type”(printed,agreen-marginedcircu- pruinose,otherwise,however,they areidentical
larlabel),“Identifiedasthetype/byE.A.Water- withtheFinnishmaterialinallexternalcharacters
house.”(printed)“HOLOTYPE”(printed,ared- andinthestructureofthemaleterminalia(incase
marginedcircularlabel),“HOLOTYPE/Limno- of indigenoides). As usual for Limonia, female
bia/badia/FrancisWalker/1848(G.B.1960)/G. terminaliadonotprovidesignificantfeatures,yet
W.Byers”(partlyhand-written,red).Thespeci- identityoftheothermaterialwiththetypeofL.
menpinned;tipoftherightwingmissing,alllegs badiaisbeyondanydoubt.
and both antennae broken off. Limonia indi- Byitswingpattern,shapeofthetarsalclaws
genoides: Holotype (cid:2) [USA], Alaska, Katmai, anddetailsinthestructureofthemaleterminalia
August 1917 (J.S Hine leg.); in OSU. Labels: (Figs. 1–2), L. badia takes up a somewhat iso-
“Katmai/Alaska/Aug’17”(printed)“JasSHine/ latedsystematicpositionandcannotbeconfused
Collector” (printed) “Holotype/ Limnobia indi- with any of its Palaearctic and Nearctic conge-
genoides/C.P.Alexander”(speciesnamehand- ners.Itisdistinctiveinthatitswingpatternisex-
written,red)(inOSU).Thespecimenpinned;left clusively associated with venation, leaving in-
wing missing; left mid and hind legs and right sides of cells without any markings, and being
forelegbrokenoff.Tipofabdomenwascleared represented, except for thestigma, by well-pro-
in KOH by the present authors and placed in a nouncedseamsalongveinsonly.Thetarsalclaws
microvialwithglycerine,pinnedwiththespeci- bearonlytwoteeth.Theseexternalcharactersare
men. quitesufficientfordistinguishingthespecies.
Other material examined (22(cid:2), 43(cid:1)). Fin- Basedonthedarklypigmentedparameresand
land: Sb: Savonranta, 10.VIII.–4.IX.1996, 3 (cid:2), some other details in the structure of the male
4.IX.–2.X.1996, 15 (cid:2), 38 (cid:1); Obb: Rovaniemi terminalia, L. badia appears to be distantly re-
mlk, 25.VII.–27.VIII.1996, 4 (cid:2), 5 (cid:1) (all P. latedtothePalaearcticL.macrostigma(Schum-
Martikainenleg.);inFinnishMuseumofNatural mel,1829)andL.alpicola(Lackschewitz,1928),
History,ZoologicalMuseum,Helsinki,incoll.J. inwhich,however,thewingpatternisextremely
Salmela, Jyväskylä and in coll. J. Starý, Olo- reduced,thetarsalclawsbearatleastthreeteeth,
mouc.Allspecimensoriginallypreservedineth- andtheparameresaremuchmoreslender,spine-
anol,3(cid:2)dissectedonslides,3(cid:2)and3(cid:1)dried like.
ENTOMOL.FENNICAVol.15 (cid:127) RedescriptionandbiologyofL.badia 45
Closer affinities of L. badia probably occur wahlgreni, including Gnophomyia acheron, a
with the Nearctic L. indigena (Osten Sacken, speciesnewtoEurope,sofarknownfromWest
1860),includingthesubspeciesL.indigenajack- Siberia, Russian Far East and Japan (cf. Sav-
soni(Alexander,1917)andL.indigenaloloensis chenkoetal.1992;forcompletelist,seeAppen-
Alexander,1958.Thelatterspeciesissomewhat dix).
similar to L. badia in general appearance, also
sharingthereducednumberofteethonthetarsal Acknowledgements. We would like to thank Dr Petri
claw,butthewingpatternismoreextensive.The Martikainen(UniversityofJoensuu,Finland)forthesam-
plingofthematerial.DrPeterW.Kovarik(OhioStateUni-
pattern consists of a broad crossband along the
versity,Columbus,USA),MrNigelWyatt(TheNatural
so-calledcord, andanother one(moreproximal
History Museum, London, England) and Dr Pekka
andbroken)formedbycloudsinthecellsR,M, Vilkamaa (University of Helsinki, Finland) were instru-
CuandA.Theparameresaredarkened,butslen- mentalinloaningtheimportanttypematerial.Mr.Teemu
der, rathe1r ribbon-shaped, strongly curved and Nieminenkindlytookthephotographofthewing.Thanks
to Dr. Hanna Kokko for correcting the English of the
truncateatapex.
manuscript.Theworkwassupportedbyagrantforthese-
niorauthorfromtheGrantAgencyoftheCzechRepublic
(No.206/01/1437).WealsothankDrPjotrOosterbroek
4.2.BiologyofL.badia andDrPekkaVilkamaafortheirhelpfulcomments.
TheFinnishspecimensofL.badiawerecollected
References
withtrunk-windowtrapsplacedondeadaspens
(Populus tremula L.) in two localities, namely
Sb: Savonranta (62°15’N, 29°00’E) and Obb: Alexander,C.P.1920:ScientificresultsoftheKatmaiEx-
pedition of the National Geographic Society: The
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214.
ofthegenuswerereportedtoinhabitrottenwood,
Brinkmann, R. 1991: Zur Habitatpräferentz und Phäno-
suchasLimoniamacrostigma(cf.Beling1886). logiederLimoniidae,TipulidaeundCylindrotomidae
InadditiontoL.badia,somerareandpoorly- (Diptera) im Bereich eines norddeutschen Tief-
knownTipuloideawerecollectedonthesameoc- landbaches.—Faun.-Ökol.Mitt.Suppl.11:1–155.
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casion, such as Elephantomyia krivosheinae,
unter Berücksichtigung der aus dem Mesozoikum
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beschriebenen Fossilien. — Beitr.Entomol. 4: 245–
(Lunatipula) circumdata and T. (Pterelachisus) 388.
46 Starý&Salmela (cid:127) ENTOMOL.FENNICAVol.15
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ENTOMOL.FENNICAVol.15 (cid:127) RedescriptionandbiologyofL.badia 47
Appendix.AlistofspeciesofTipuloideacollectedwithtrunk-windowtrapsatSavonrantaandRovaniemimlk
1996,P.Martikainenleg.*=<10ex.;**=11–20ex;***=>20ex.
Species Savonranta Rovaniemimlk
Limoniidae
Austrolimnophila(Archilimnophila)unica(Osten-Sacken,1869) * –
Euphylidoreaphaeostigma(Schummel,1829) * –
Phylidorea(Paraphylidorea)fulvonervosa(Schummel,1829) ** –
Erioptera(E.)sordidaZetterstedt,1838 * –
GnophomyiaacheronAlexander,1950 * –
Ormosia(O.)ruficauda(Zetterstedt,1838) * –
Dicranomyia(D.)autumnalis(Staeger,1840) * –
Dicranomyia(D.)didyma(Meigen,1804) – *
Dicranomyia(D.)handlirschiLackschewitz,1928 * –
Dicranomyia(D.)modesta(Meigen,1818) – *
Dicranomyia(Idiopyga)stigmatica(Meigen,1830) – *
Discobolaannulata(Linnaeus,1758) *** –
Discobolacaesarea(Osten-Sacken,1854) * –
ElephantomyiakrivosheinaeSavchenko,1976 * –
LipsothrixecucullataEdwards,1938 * –
Neolimoniadumetorum(Meigen,1804) ** –
Metalimnobiaquadrimaculata(Linnaeus,1761) ** –
Metalimnobiazetterstedti(Tjeder,1968) – *
Limoniabadia(Walker,1848) *** **
Limoniasylvicola(Schummel,1829) * –
Rhipidia(R.)maculataMeigen,1818 ** *
Rhipidia(R.)uniseriataSchiner,1864 * *
Pediciidae – –
UlabolitophilaLoew,1869 * –
UlamixtaStar(cid:2),1983 * –
Ulasylvatica(Meigen,1818) ** –
Tipulidae – –
Tipula(Lunatipula)circumdataSiebke,1863 – ***
Tipula(Lunatipula)limitataSchummel,1833 – *
Tipula(Pterelachisus)irrorataMacquart,1826 * –
Tipula(Pterelachisus)wahlgreniLackschewitz,1925 * –
Tipula(Savtshenkia)limbataZetterstedt,1838 * *
Tipula(Savtshenkia)signataStaeger,1840 * –
Tipula(Schummelia)variicornisSchummel,1833 * –
Tipula(Tipula)paludosaMeigen,1830 * –
Tipula(Vestiplex)nubeculosaMeigen,1804 * –
Tipula(Vestiplex)scriptaMeigen,1830 * *
Cylindrotomidae – –
Triogmatrisulcata(Schummel,1829) * –
