Table Of ContentRED SAXONY
OTHER TITLES BY THE SAME AUTHOR
DecadesofReconstruction:PostwarSocieties,State-Building,andInternationalRelations,from
theSevenYears’WartotheColdWar,ed.withUtePlanert
Germany’sSecondReich:PortraitsandPathways
ImperialGermany1871–1918.TheShortOxfordHistoryofGermany,ed.
Localism, Landscape, and the Ambiguities of Place: German-Speaking Central Europe,
1860–1930,ed.withDavidBlackbourn
Forging an Empire: Bismarckian Germany (1866–1890), vol. 4 of German History in
DocumentsandImages,ed.(online)
TheGermanRight,1860–1920:PoliticalLimitsoftheAuthoritarianImagination
WilhelminismandItsLegacies:GermanModernities,Imperialism,andtheMeaningsofReform,
1890–1930,ed.withGeoffEley
SaxonyinGermanHistory:Culture,Society,andPolitics,1830–1933,ed.
SachseninDeutschland.Politik,KulturundGesellschaft1830–1918,ed.
GermanyintheAgeofKaiserWilhelmII
Modernisierung und Region im wilhelminischen Deutschland. Wahlen, Wahlrecht und Poli-
tischeKultur,ed.withSimoneLässigandKarlHeinrichPohl
BetweenReform,Reaction,andResistance:StudiesintheHistoryofGermanConservatismfrom
1789to1945,ed.withLarryEugeneJones
Elections, Mass Politics, and Social Change in Modern Germany: New Perspectives, ed. with
LarryEugeneJones
Notables of the Right: The Conservative Party and Political Mobilization in Germany,
1876–1918
Red Saxony
Election Battles and the Spectre of Democracy
–
in Germany, 1860 1918
JAMES RETALLACK
1
3
GreatClarendonStreet,Oxford,OX26DP,
UnitedKingdom
OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford.
ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship,
andeducationbypublishingworldwide.Oxfordisaregisteredtrademarkof
OxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountries
©JamesRetallack2017
Themoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenasserted
FirstEditionpublishedin2017
Impression:1
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedin
aretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthe
priorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,orasexpresslypermitted
bylaw,bylicenceorundertermsagreedwiththeappropriatereprographics
rightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethescopeofthe
aboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,atthe
addressabove
Youmustnotcirculatethisworkinanyotherform
andyoumustimposethissameconditiononanyacquirer
PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyOxfordUniversityPress
198MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NY10016,UnitedStatesofAmerica
BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData
Dataavailable
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016955250
ISBN 978–0–19–966878–6
Printedandboundby
CPIGroup(UK)Ltd,Croydon,CR04YY
LinkstothirdpartywebsitesareprovidedbyOxfordingoodfaithand
forinformationonly.Oxforddisclaimsanyresponsibilityforthematerials
containedinanythirdpartywebsitereferencedinthiswork.
For Helen
A thousand ships,
not a thousand pages
OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,25/3/2017,SPi
Contents
ListofFigures ix
ListofMaps xi
ListofTables xv
ListofAbbreviations xvii
NoteonSources xxiii
Introduction 1
ElectionBattlesandDemocratization 3
SocialistsandOthers 8
SaxonyandtheReich 12
1. OntheThresholdofaNewAge 20
Saxony’sModernization 20
ElectoralPoliticsintheOldKey 30
“NewIdeasareFillingtheWorld” 39
2. ThePossibilitiesofLiberalReform 47
TheReichstagElectionsofFebruary1867 47
SaxonyandtheNorthGermanConfederation 59
TheLandtagSuffrageReformof1868 66
A“LiberalEra”? 81
3. EnemiesoftheReich 92
TheRiseofSaxonSocialDemocracy 92
RedSaxony?TheShockofJanuary1874 105
TheStruggleAgainstSubversion 120
4. TheStruggleAgainstRevolution 131
TheNationalContext 131
Saxony’sContribution 135
IntheTrenches 156
“Valid”—“NotValid” 171
5. AgainstLiberalismandtheJews 186
LiberalismAdrift 187
ConservativesandRadicalAntisemites 198
6. AuthoritarianismUnderSiege 230
“1,427,298SocialDemocraticVoters!” 230
RowdyBusiness 244
PoliticsinanOffKey 259
viii Contents
7. SuffrageReformasCoupd’État 270
“ForReligion,Morality,andOrder” 270
ThrowingDowntheGauntlet 282
HighTide 305
8. “RedSaxony!” 318
HighStakes,1903 318
AWayForward? 342
9. DeflectingDemocracy 359
“TheDecentOpinionofMankind” 360
SaxonModels 372
10. CrisisandRetrenchment 393
PoweroftheStreet 394
HoldingtheLine,January1907 411
11. Dance 435
AHouseDivided 436
DemocracyinDisappearingInk 460
12. PoliticsinaNewKey 482
Praxis,October1909 482
Perplexed 505
CastingBallots,CastingStones 519
13. Adrift 537
ALostHalf-Decade 538
Stirrings 551
LickingWounds 576
SuffrageReform:Right,HalfTurn! 583
14. DemocracyDeferred 593
TheCrucibleofWar 593
TheCuriousRepublicofGondour 614
Conclusion:TheSpectreofDemocracy 616
Acknowledgments 631
ListofArchivesandLibraries 635
WorksCited 639
Index 681
OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,25/3/2017,SPi
List of Figures
COLOR PLATES
1. “ElectionOutcome”(Simplicissimus,1903).
2. Map,PopulationDensityinSaxony,1910.
3. Map,ReichstagVotinginLeipzig-County,1887.
4. Map,LandtagConstituenciesinSaxony,1868–1909(rural).
5. Map,LandtagConstituenciesinSaxony,1868–1909(urban).
6. “TheConservatives’LastResort”(Simplicissimus,1910).
7. “InMemoryoftheReichstagElectionof1903.”
8. “AbouttheSuffrageRiots”(Simplicissimus,1908).
9. “AftertheStreetDemonstration”(Simplicissimus,1910).
10. “ReadingoftheElectionResult”(Simplicissimus,1912).
11. “RedSaxonia”(Simplicissimus,1909).
12. Map,GustavFreytag’sReichstagElectionMapoftheGermanReich,1903.
13. Map,LandtagConstituenciesinSaxony,1909.
14. Map,LandtagElectionResultsinSaxony(rural),1909.
15. Map,LandtagElectionResultsinSaxony(urban),1909.
16. “TheEvolutionoftheNationalLiberal”(Simplicissimus,1903).
GREYSCALE
1.1. KingJohannofSaxony(ruled1854–73). 24
1.2. PrussianTroopsEnterDresden,18June1866. 27
1.3. SaxonMinisterRichardvonFriesen. 28
3.1. SaxonMembersoftheGermanConservativeParty,c.1877. 119
4.1. ListofSocialDemocratsExpelledfromLeipzigunder§28ofthe
Anti-SocialistLaw. 144
4.2. SaxonMinisterofCultureCarlvonGerber,SaxonMinisterof
WarAlfredvonFabrice. 184
5.1. SaxonLandtagDeputies,OccupationandPartyAffiliation,1869–1918. 194
5.2. OccupationalProfileofPopulationsinSaxonyandtheReich,1895. 195
5.3. EmilLehmann,DresdenLawyerandAssemblyman. 200
5.4. BaronHeinrichvonFriesen-Rötha. 206
