Table Of ContentSpringerBriefs in Environmental Science
Priyan Perera · Sumudu Marasinghe
Greg D. Simpson · David Newsome
Recreational
Disturbance of
Shorebirds in
Tropical Asia
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(cid:129) (cid:129)
Priyan Perera Sumudu Marasinghe
(cid:129)
Greg D. Simpson David Newsome
Recreational Disturbance
of Shorebirds in Tropical Asia
PriyanPerera SumuduMarasinghe
DepartmentofForestryand DepartmentofForestryand
EnvironmentalScience EnvironmentalScience
UniversityofSriJayewardenepura UniversityofSriJayewardenepura
Nugegoda,SriLanka Nugegoda,SriLanka
GregD.Simpson DavidNewsome
HarryButlerInstitute,Centrefor EnvironmentalandConservationSciences,
SustainableAquaticEcosystems CollegeofScience,Health,Engineeringand
MurdochUniversity Education
Perth,WA,Australia MurdochUniversity
Perth,WA,Australia
ISSN2191-5547 ISSN2191-5555 (electronic)
SpringerBriefsinEnvironmentalScience
ISBN978-3-031-13967-3 ISBN978-3-031-13968-0 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13968-0
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Preface
Coastalenvironmentssuchasestuaries,mangroves,mudflats,rockybeaches,sandy
shorelines, seagrass beds, and other coastal wetlands provide significant and irre-
placeablehabitatthatresidentandmigratoryspeciesofshorebirdsdependonassites
forresting,feeding,andbreeding.Sincethemid-twentiethcentury,however,coastal
development and reclamation have contributed to the loss of shorebird habitat,
resultingindecliningfoodresourcesandreducedsuitabilityofstagingandbreeding
sites.Inaddition,thedevelopmentofbeachresortsandotherinfrastructuretoservice
the increasing popularity of coastal recreation and accelerating global demand at
marine tourism destinations has created significant additional pressures on coastal
ecosystemsandshorebirdsoverthepastfewdecades.
Muchofthatgrowingdemandforcoastalrecreationandtourismhasfocusedon
countries in South and Southeast Asia in the tourism megaregion that this book
referstoasTropicalAsia.Assuch,therecreationaldisturbanceofshorebirdsinAsia
is a serious conservation issue, at a time when populations of both migratory and
non-migratoryspeciesofshorebirdsarethreatenedanddecliningbecauseoftheloss
ofcoastalhabitatandincreasedhumandisturbance.Despiteglobalawarenessabout
theimpactsthatthegrowthofcoastalrecreationandtourismacrossTropicalAsiais
likely tobehaving onthreatened andendangeredmigratoryandresident shorebird
speciesofthecoastalzonesoftheEastAsian–AustralasianFlyway,lessthan3%of
thepublishedpeer-reviewedresearchintotherecreationaldisturbanceofshorebirds
addresses coastal zones of Tropical Asia. This situation points to a significant
knowledge gap regarding the impacts of human recreation on shorebirds in the
TropicalAsianregion.Incontrast,almostthreequartersofthepeer-reviewedarticles
that report recreational disturbance research and management strategies focus on
coastalzonesinNorthAmerica(36%),Oceania(20%),andEurope(20%).Forthose
reasons, the quantitative systematic literature review and research case study from
v
vi Preface
Sri Lanka reported in this book provide a call to action and recommendations for
bothmanagementapproachesgroundedintheinternationalliteratureandaresearch
agendathatshouldbeimplementedinthecoastalzonesofTropicalAsia.
Nugegoda,SriLanka PriyanPerera
Nugegoda,SriLanka SumuduMarasinghe
Perth,WA,Australia GregD.Simpson
Perth,WA,Australia DavidNewsome
Acknowledgments
This book arose from the work on recreational management in coastal wetlands
initiated by the first editor’s research group at the Department of Forestry and
Environmental Science, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka. We thank
theNationalResearchCouncil,SriLanka(GrantNRC16-128)andtheUniversityof
Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka (Grant ASP/01/RE/SCI/2019/24) for the financial
support that aided the development of publication of this book. The Center for
Sustainability, Department of Forestry and Environmental Science, University of
SriJayewardenepura,SriLanka,andMurdochUniversity,Perth,WesternAustralia,
alsoprovidedadministrativeandtechnicalassistancetothiswork.
vii
Contents
1 AnIntroductiontoShorebirdsandRecreationinCoastalZones. . . . . 1
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2 InterrogatingtheRecreationalDisturbanceLiterature. . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2 PerformingtheSystematicReview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2.1 ReportingQuantitativeValuesandStatistical
Relationships. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.2.2 DefiningtheRegionofTropicalAsia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.3 OutcomesoftheSystemicReview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.3.1 GeographicSpanofIncludedArticles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.3.2 RateofPublicationandFocusofResearch. . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.3.3 SourcesofRecreationalDisturbance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.3.4 TheEffectsofRecreationalDisturbances. .. . . . . . . . .. . . . 25
2.4 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3 TheImpactfromMotorizedRecreationalVehicleTraffic
onCoastalWaterbirds:ACaseStudyfromSriLanka. . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.2 StudyBackground. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.3 StudySites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.4 Methods. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . 44
3.4.1 StudyingtheImpactofRecreationalDisturbancefrom
MotorizedVehicleTrafficonHabitatUseofWaterbirds. . . 45
3.4.2 StudyingtheImpactofRecreationalDisturbancefrom
MotorizedVehicleTrafficontheBehaviorofWaterbirds. . . 46
3.5 FindingsoftheStudy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3.5.1 SelectedSpeciesfortheStudy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3.5.2 RecreationalDisturbanceonHabitatUseofWaterbirds. . . . 48
3.5.3 RecreationalDisturbanceontheBehaviorofWaterbirds. . . 51
ix
x Contents
3.6 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
4 TheImpactofPedestriansonShorebirds:ACaseStudy
fromSriLanka. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
4.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
4.2 StudyBackground. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.3 FieldTechniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
4.3.1 ObservationalStudy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 70
4.3.2 ExperimentalStudy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
4.3.3 DataAnalysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
4.4 StudyFindings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
4.4.1 ObservationsonBirdResponsestoPedestrians. . . . . . . . . . 71
4.4.2 ImpactofDistancefromtheDisturbance(Pedestrians)
onAgitationProbabilityofCoastalBirds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4.5 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
5 OverviewofManagementStrategiesandConsiderations
fortheFuture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
5.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
5.2 RecommendationsfromtheGlobalLiterature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
5.3 ManagementRecommendationsfortheTropicalAsianRegion. . . . 80
5.4 ConsiderationsfortheFuture. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . 85
5.5 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Appendixies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
AppendixA:IncludedArticles.. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . 91
AppendixB:IncludedArticlesbySourceofDisturbance. . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
AppendixC:IncludedArticlesbyBehaviorofFourMostReported
SourcesofRecreationalDisturbance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
AppendixD:IncludedArticlesbyImpactofFourMostReported
SourcesofRecreationalDisturbanceonReproductiveSuccess. . . . . . . . . 96
