Recovering History, Constructing Race: The Indian, Black, and White Roots of Mexican Americans (Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long Series in Latin American and Latino Art and Culture)

390 Pages·2002·3.51 MB·English

by  Martha Menchaca

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IN Recovering History, Constructing Race
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The Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long Series
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IN R E C O V E R I N G H I S T O R Y ,
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HI The Indian, Black, and White Roots
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University of Texas Press

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R Partsofchapters2,8,and9previouslyappearedinMenchaca1993,
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N ‘‘ChicanoIndianism:AHistoricalAccountofRacialRepressionin
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C theUnitedStates,’’AmericanEthnologist20(3):583–603.
,
Y PortionsofthehistoryofschoolingintheSouthwestdiscussed
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T inchapter6andontheTreatyofGuadalupeHidalgoandcitizen-
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HI shipdicussedinchapter8appearedinanearlierversionas‘‘The
G TreatyofGuadalupeHidalgoandtheRacializationoftheMexican
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R Population,’’inTheElusiveQuestforEquality:150Yearsof
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OV Chicano/ChicanaEducation,ed.JoséF.Moreno(Cambridge,Mass.:
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E HarvardEducationalReview,1999),pp.3–29.Copyright1999by
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/ thePresidentandFellowsofHarvardCollege.Allrightsreserved.
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h Copyright©2001bytheUniversityofTexasPress
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en Allrightsreserved
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PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
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40 Firstedition,2001
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Requestsforpermissiontoreproducematerialfromthiswork
shouldbesenttoPermissions,UniversityofTexasPress,P.O.Box
7819,Austin,TX78713-7819.
(cid:10)Thepaperusedinthisbookmeetstheminimumrequirements
ofansi/nisoz39.48-1992(r1997)(PermanenceofPaper).
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Menchaca,Martha.
Recoveringhistory,constructingrace:theIndian,black,and
whiterootsofMexicanAmericans/byMarthaMenchaca.—1sted.
p. cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferences(p. )andindex.
isbn0-292-75253-9(cloth:alk.paper)—
isbn0-292-75254-7(pbk.:alk.paper)
1.MexicanAmericans—Raceidentity. 2.MexicanAmericans—
Ethnicidentity. 3.MexicanAmericans—History. 4.Racially
mixedpeople—UnitedStates—History. 5.UnitedStates—Race
relations. 6.UnitedStates—Ethnicrelations. 7.Racism—United
States—History. 8.UnitedStates—Relations—Mexico.
9.Mexico—Relations—UnitedStates. I.Title.
e184.m5m46 2001
973'.046872—dc21 2001033309

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RI For my family
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U Contents
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RI xi Acknowledgments
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/ 14 1. RacialFoundations
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ha 49 2. RacialFormation:Spain’sRacialOrder
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Me 67 3. TheMoveNorth:TheGranChichimecaand

00 NewMexico
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97 4.TheSpanishSettlementofTexasandArizona
127 5. TheSettlementofCaliforniaandtheTwilightof
theSpanishPeriod
161 6. LiberalRacialLegislationduringtheMexicanPeriod,
1821–1848
187 7. Land,Race,andWar,1821–1848
215 8. TheTreatyofGuadalupeHidalgoandtheRacialization
oftheMexicanPopulation
277 9. RacialSegregationandLiberalPoliciesThenandNow
297 Epilogue:Auto/ethnographicObservationsofRace
andHistory
311 Notes
331 Bibliography
367 Index

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CO 22 1.WhereIsAztlán?MapofAmericabyAbrahamOrtelius,
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a 28 2.Mesoamerica
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4 Photographs
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6 1.MyFather’sAunts
6 2.MyFather’sUncle,EulalioRobles
7 3.MyFather,LauroMenchacaRobles
9 4.AFamilyVisittoChicomoztoc,Zacatecas
98 5.MissionSanJosé
98 6.MissionSanJuandeCapistranoandAztecDancers,1996
99 7.MissionSanJuandeCapistranoandMySonsatthe
Soldiers’Quarters,1996
99 8.MissionSanJuandeCapistrano:Altar
116 9.SpanishPlaza,Nacogdoches,1779
131 10.ReenactmentoftheSettlementatPresidioHill,withBeds
andTentsUsedbytheColonists,15June1996
139 11.MissionSanDiegodeAlcalá
142 12.MissionSanLuisRey
142 13.MissionSanLuisRey:RemainsoftheSoldiers’Sleeping
Quarters
143 14.MissionSanLuisRey:LuiseñoWomen’sWeavingRoom
143 15.MissionSanLuisRey:TheCandleMakingRoom
143 16.MissionSanLuisRey:LuiseñoMetatesandGrinding
Stones
144 17.MissionSanJuanCapistrano:Courtyard

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