Table Of ContentRECONSTRUCTION
OF
L I F E
FROM THE
SKELETON
RECONSTRUCTION
OF
L I F E
FROM THE
SKELETON
Editors
Mehmet Ya sar iscan
, ,
Department of Anthropology
Florida Atlantic University
Boca Raton, Florida
Kenneth A. R. Kennedy
Ecology and Systematics
Division of Biological Sciences
Cornell University
Ithaca, New York
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Reconstruction of life from the skeleton I [edited by] M. Ya§ar i§can,
Kenneth A. R. Kennedy
p. em.
Includes bibliographies and indexes.
ISBN 0-471-56229-7
1. Paleopathology. I. i§can, M. Ya§ar. II. Kennedy, Kenneth A. R.
[DNLM: 1. Paleopathology. QZ 11.5 R311)
R134.8.R43 1989
616.07-dc20
DNLM/DLC
for Library of Congress 89-12533
CIP
Book design and front cover illustration by
Jeff A. Menges
Dedicated to
Muzaffer Siileyman §enyiirek, Ph.D. (1915-1961}
for his pioneering work in Paleodemography
Contents
CONTRIBUTORS ix
PREFACE
Mehmet Ya ~ar i~can and Kenneth A. R. Kennedy XV
Reconstruction of Life From the Skeleton: An Introduction
Mehmet Ya ~ar i~can and Kenneth A. R. Kennedy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Assessment of Growth and Age in the Immature Skeleton
Francis E. Johnston and Louise 0. Zimmer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Osteological Manifestations of Age in the Adult
Mehmet Ya~ar i~can and Susan R. Loth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Histomorphometric Analysis of Human Skeletal Remains
Sam D. Stout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Determination of Sex and Race: Accuracy and Assumptions
Lucile E. St. Hoyme and Mehmet Ya~ar i~can . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
N onmetric Skeletal Variation
Shelley R. Saunders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 5
Congenital Abnormalities in Skeletal Populations
Spencer Jay Turkel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Skeletal Markers of Occupational Stress
Kenneth A. R. Kennedy ................ ........... .... ..... ..................... 129
Trauma
Charles F. Merbs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Infectious Disease
Marc A. Kelley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Nutritional Deficiency Diseases: A Survey of Scurvy, Rickets,
and Iron-Deficiency Anemia
P. L. Stuart-Macadam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
vii
viii CONTENTS
Stable Isotope Analysis of Prehistoric Diet
William F. Keegan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Chemical Analysis of Skeletal Remains
Arthur C. Aufderheide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Dental Paleopathology: Methods for Reconstructing Dietary Patterns
John R. Lukacs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Osteobiography: A Maya Example
FrankP.SaulandJulieMatherSaul .. ............................................ 287
INDEX ...................... ....... .. ............. ... ....................... 303
Contributors
or C. Aufderheide (M.D., University of ing The Human Skeleton in Forensic Medicine
esota, 1946) is currently professor of pa (with Krogman WM), C. C. Thomas, 1986; Age
..............1 ,~ at the University of Minnesota-Duluth Markers in the Human Skeleton (editor), C.C.
1 of Medicine, Duluth. Specializing in pa Thomas, 1989; "The rise of forensic anthropol
...._._,..,.(,., his numerous publications include ogy," Yrbk. Phys. Anthropol., 1988; and "An
Lea in bone. II: Skeletal lead contact as an odontometric profile of a prehistoric southeast
tor of lifetime lead ingestion and the so- em Florida population," Am.]. Phys. Anthro
correlates in an archaeological population" pol., 1989. Dr. i~can was the recipient of the
- "eiman FD, Wittmers LE, and Rapp G), Ales Hrdlicka Fellowship (1968) and has been
. Phys. Anthropol., 1981; "Lead in bone. awarded grants from Florida Atlantic Univer
· Prediction of social correlates from skeletal sity and the Smithsonian Institution. He is the
· content in four colonial American popula founder and past president of the Dental An
- Catoctin Furnace, College Landing, Gov thropological Association and is a member of
's Land and Irene Mound)" (with Angel the American Anthropological Association, the
_ ~ al), Am.]. Phys. Anthropol., 1985; "Lead American Association of Physical Anthropolo
cc:::::ac:t and poisoning in Barbados slaves: His gists, and a fellow of the American Academy of
chemical and biological evidence" Forensic Sciences.
- Handler JS, Corruccini RS, et al.), Social
S:z~::eHistory, 1986; and "Comparison of two
methods of bone lead analysis and the
Francis E. Johnston (Ph.D., University of
- :tions for in vivo measurements" (with
Pennsylvania, 1962) is currently professor and
, _ _,..,_~'""·-aille LJ, Chettle DR, Scott MC, et al.)
chairman of the Department of Anthropology,
. led. Biol., 1986. Dr. Aufderheide is a
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Spe
L>eT of the American Society of Clinical cializing in biological anthropology, his many
:;;:.;;;cJ~~ogi'sts, the American Association of publications include Nutritional Anthropology
Anthropologists, and the New York
(editor), Alan R. Liss, 1987; Human Physical
E..:.::;;r.Geo·y of Sciences.
Growth and Maturation (editor), Plenum,
1980; Biosocial Interrelationships in Population
Adaptation (editor), Mouton, 1974; and Social
!K'!!t:::::ltret Yll§ar i~can (Ph.D., Cornell Univer and Biological Predictors of Nutritional Status,
~ -6) is currently professor and chairman Physical Growth and Neurological Development
Department of Anthropology, Florida (editor), Academic Press, 1980. Dr. Johnston
c_...._""""' University in Boca Raton and a board is a past president of the American Association
diplomate of the American Board of of Physical Anthropologists, two-term editor of
""'"-'-""'w
~. ....... ,;·;,.Anthropology. Specializing in human the American journal of Physical Anthropology,
;:s~~:y: and forensic anthropology, he has and is currently editor of the American journal
~-...,.......,."" numerous books and articles includ- of Human Biology. He is a member of the
ix
CONTRIBUTORS
X
American Association of Physical Anthropolo on the Executive Board of the Dental Anthro
gists, the Human Biology Council, and the pological Association.
American Institute of Nutrition.
Kenneth A. R. Kennedy (Ph.D., University of
William F. Keegan (Ph.D., University of Cali California, Berkeley, 1962) is currently profes
fornia, Los Angeles, 1985) was a Visiting sor in the Section of Ecology and Systematics
Scholar in North American Prehistory at at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. Spe
Southern Illinois University and is currently an cializing in human palaeontology, palaeode
assistant curator of anthropology at the Florida mography, forensic anthropology, biological
Museum of Natural History, Gainesville. Spe anthropology history, and human anatomy, he
cializing in archaeology and prehistoric Cam has conducted extensive field research in India,
bean Islanders, his publications include "The Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. His publications in
optimal foraging analysis of horticulture pro clude "Upper Pleistocene fossil hominids from
duction," Am. Anthropol., 1986; "The ecology Sri Lanka" (with Deraniyagala SU, Reortgen
of Lucayan Arawak fishing practices" (with Di WJ, Chiment J, and Disotell T), Am.]. Phys.
amond JM), Am. Antiquity, 1986; Emergent Anthropol., 1987; Mesolithic Human Remains
Horticultural Economies of the Eastern Wood from the Gangetic Plain: Sarai Nahar Rai (with
lands (editor), Southern Illinois University Lovell NC and Burrow CB), Cornell University
Center for Archaeological Investigations, South Asia Program, Occasional Papers and
1987; and "Stable carbon-and nitrogen-iso Theses, 1986; "Principal-components analysis
tope ratios of bone collagen used to study coral of prehistoric south Asian crania" (with Chi
reef and terrestrial components of prehistoric ment J and Disotell T), Am.]. Phys. Anthropol.,
Bahamian diet" (with DeNiro MJ), Am. Antiq 1984; and "Morphological variation in ulnar
uity, 1988. He is a member of the Society for supinator crests and fossae as identifying mark
American Archaeology, the American Anthro ers of occupational stress," ]. Forensic Sci.,
pological Association, and the Florida Anthro 1983. Dr. Kennedy was the recipient of the T.
pological Society. Dale Stewart Award in Forensic Anthropology
(1987) and was a guest at the White House
State Dinner for the President of Sri Lanka
Marc Allen Kelley (Ph.D., Case Western Re (1984). His research has been supported by
serve University, 1980) is presently associate N.S.F., the American Institute for Indian Stud
professor of anthropology at the University of ies, and the Howard Foundation. He was chair
Rhode Island, Kingston. Specializing in paleo man of the Biological Anthropology Unit of the
pathology and forensic anthropology, his publi American Anthropological Association, and is
cations include Atlas of Human Paleopathology a fellow of the Royal Anthropological Institute,
(with Zimmerman MR), Praeger, 1982; "The the American Academy of Forensic Sciences,
evolution of mycobacterial disease in human and a member of the American Association of
populations: A reevaluation" (with Clark GA, Physical Anthropologists.
Grange JM, and Hill MC), Current Anthropol.,
1987; and Rib lesions and chronic pulmonary
tuberculosis (with Micozzi MS), Am. ]. Phys. Susan R. Loth (B.A., New York University) is
Anthropol., 1984. Dr. Kelley received an NSF a 1989 M.A. candidate in the Department of
award for Research Experiences for Under Anthropology at Florida Atlantic University,
graduates, a 1987 training program, Biosocial Boca Raton. She currently serves as editor of
Adaptation: Assessment of Paleonutritional the Dental Anthropology Newsletter. Specializ
Techniques, and led a group of students in stud ing in human skeletal biology, her numerous
ies of paleonutrition and paleopathology in publications include "Age estimation from the
northern Chile. He is a member of the Ameri rib by phase analysis: White males" (with i§can
can Association of Physical Anthropologists MY and Wright RK), ]. Forensic Sci., 1984;
and the Paleopathology Association, and he is "Metamorphosis at the sternal rib end: A new
