Table Of ContentRechargeable Batteries
Scrivener Publishing
100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J
Beverly, MA 01915-6106
Publishers at Scrivener
Martin Scrivener ([email protected])
Phillip Carmical ([email protected])
Scrivener Publishing
100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J
Beverly, MA 01915-6106
Publishers at Scrivener
Martin Scrivener ([email protected]) Rechargeable Batteries
Phillip Carmical ([email protected])
History, Progress, and Applications
Edited by
Rajender Boddula, Inamuddin,
Ramyakrishna Pothu
and Abdullah M. Asiri
This edition first published 2020 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA
© 2020 Scrivener Publishing LLC
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
ISBN 9781119661191
Cover image: Pixabay.com
Cover design by Russell Richardson
Set in size of 11pt and Minion Pro by Manila Typesetting Company, Makati, Philippines
Printed in the USA
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Editors are honored to dedicate
this book to
Boddula Laxmibai & Laxman
(Mother & Father of Dr. B. Rajender)
v
Contents
Preface xvii
1 Progress in Separators for Rechargeable Batteries 1
Cheng-song Yang, Dian-hui Han and Meng Zhang
1.1 Separator Overview 1
1.2 Polymer Membrane 2
1.2.1 Polyolefin Separators 2
1.2.2 PVDF 5
1.2.3 PTFE 6
1.2.4 PU 6
1.2.5 PVA 7
1.2.6 Cellulose 8
1.2.7 Other Polymer 8
1.3 Non-Woven Fabric Separator 8
1.3.1 PET 9
1.3.2 PAN 10
1.3.3 PVDF 11
1.3.4 PTFE 11
1.3.5 PVA 12
1.3.6 PI 12
1.4 Polymer Electrolyte 13
1.5 Conclusions 14
References 14
2 Pb Acid Batteries 17
Hasan Jafari and Mohammad Reza Rahimpour
2.1 History of Batteries 17
2.2 Primary Batteries 19
2.3 Secondary Batteries 20
2.4 Flow Batteries 23
2.4.1 All Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries (VRBs) 24
2.4.2 Zinc-Bromine Flow Cells 25
vii
viii Contents
2.5 Lead-Acid Batteries 26
2.5.1 Early Applications of Lead-Acid Batteries 26
2.5.2 Comparison With Other Types of Secondary Batteries 26
2.5.3 Electrochemistry of Lead-Acid Batteries 28
2.5.4 Basic Components of Lead-Acid Cells 29
2.5.5 Types of Lead-Acid Batteries 31
2.5.6 Charging 33
2.5.7 Maintenance 34
2.5.8 Failure Modes 34
List of Abbreviations 36
References 36
3 Flexible Batteries 41
Muhammad Inam Khan, Muhammad Mudassir Hassan,
Abdur Rahim and Nawshad Muhammad
3.1 Introduction 42
3.2 Battery Types 43
3.2.1 Lead-Acid Battery 44
3.2.2 Nickel Cadmium 44
3.2.3 Nickel/Hydrogen and Nickle/Metal Hydride 44
3.2.4 Lithium-Ion Batteries 45
3.3 Storage Mechanism 45
3.3.1 Flexible Electrode 47
3.3.2 Carbon Base Flexible Electrodes 47
3.4 Graphene Base Flexible Batteries 52
3.5 Metal Oxide-Based Flexible Batteries 52
3.6 Fiber-Shape Designed Flexible Batteries 53
3.7 Natural Fiber Base Flexible Batteries 55
3.8 Flexible Electrolytes 56
3.9 Conclusion 57
References 58
4 Polymer Electrolytes in Rechargeable Batteries 61
Yogesh Kumar, Meenal Gupta, Ashwani Kumar
and N. B. Singh
4.1 Introduction 61
4.2 Solid Electrolytes for Rechargeable Batteries 63
4.2.1 Solid Oxide Electrolytes 63
4.2.2 Sulfide Solid Electrolytes 63
4.2.3 Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Electrolytes 65
4.2.4 Solid Polymer Electrolytes in Rechargeable Batteries 66
Contents ix
4.3 Polymer-Based Electrolytes 66
4.4 Classification of Polymer-Based Electrolytes 68
4.4.1 Polymer-Salt Complexes 69
4.4.2 Plasticized Polymer Electrolytes 69
4.4.3 Rubbery Electrolytes 69
4.4.4 Solvent-Swollen Polymers 69
4.4.5 Polyelectrolytes 71
4.4.6 Gel Polymer Electrolytes 72
4.4.7 Composite Polymer Electrolytes (CPEs) 74
4.4.8 Ionic Liquid Incorporated Polymer/Gel Electrolytes 75
4.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects 79
References 79
5 Advancement in Electrolytes for Rechargeable Batteries 87
Prasun Banerjee, Adolfo Franco Jr, R. Z. Xiao,
K. Chandra Babu Naidu, R. M. Rao,
Ramyakrishna Pothu and Rajender Boddula
5.1 Introduction 88
5.2 Aqueous Electrolytes 89
5.2.1 Lithium Nitrate 89
5.2.2 Saturated LiCl Electrolyte 89
5.2.3 Aqueous Sodium Salts 90
5.3 Non-Aqueous Electrolytes 90
5.4 Polymer Electrolytes 91
5.4.1 Solid Polymer Electrolytes (SPE) 91
5.4.2 Gel Polymer Electrolytes (GPE) 92
5.5 Ionic Liquids Electrolytes (ILE) 94
5.6 Hybrid Electrolytes 94
5.7 Conclusions 95
Acknowledgements 95
References 96
6 Fabrication Assembly Techniques for K-Ion Batteries 99
Praachi Kapoor, Parul Khurana, Christinee Jeyseelen,
Dinesh Kumar and Sheenam Thatai
6.1 Introduction 100
6.2 Battery and Its Types 100
6.3 Ni-Cd Batteries 100
6.4 Li-Ion Batteries 101
6.5 Advantages of Rechargeable Batteries 101
6.6 Disadvantages of Rechargeable Batteries 102
6.7 K-Ion Batteries 102
x Contents
6.8 Advantages 102
6.9 Disadvantages 103
6.10 Honeycomb Structure of K-Ion Batteries 105
6.10.1 Methods/Synthesis of Potassium Tellurates 106
6.11 Negative Electrode Materials for K-Ion Batteries 108
6.12 K-Ion Batteries Based on Patterned Electrodes 110
6.13 Conclusion 111
Acknowledgement 112
References 112
7 Recent Advances in Ni-Fe Batteries as Electrical
Energy Storage Devices 115
K. Chandra Babu Naidu, N. Suresh Kumar, H. Manjunatha,
Prasun Benerjee, D. Baba Basha, S. Naresh Kumar,
Ramyakrishna Pothu and Rajender Boddula
7.1 Introduction 116
7.2 Structure of Ni-Fe Batteries 117
7.3 Discussion on Electrochemical Parameters
of Various Materials for Ni-Fe Batteries 118
7.4 Conclusions 128
References 128
8 Nickel-Metal Hydride (Ni-MH) Batteries 131
Sandeep Arya and Sonali Verma
8.1 Introduction 131
8.2 History 132
8.3 Invention of the Rechargeable Battery 133
8.4 Metal Hydrides (MH) 134
8.5 Thermodynamics and Crystal Structures
of Ni-MH Battery Materials 135
8.5.1 Thermodynamics 135
8.5.2 Crystal Structures of Battery Materials 137
8.5.3 Crystal Structure of AB and AB Materials 139
5 2
8.5.4 Structure of AB Compounds 139
5
8.5.5 Structure of AB Compounds 140
2
8.5.6 Substitutions of A and B Components
in AB and AB 140
5 2
8.5.7 Mg-Based Alloys 144
8.5.8 Rare Earth-Mg-Ni-Based Alloys 145
8.5.9 Ti-V-Based Alloys 146
8.6 Ni-MH Batteries 146
