Recent Trends in Biotechnology and Therapeutic Applications of Medicinal Plants

359 Pages·2013·5.37 MB·English

by  Anwar Shahzad

Mohd. Shahid
Anwar Shahzad
Abida Malik
Aastha Sahai Editors
Recent Trends
in Biotechnology
and Therapeutic
Applications of
Medicinal Plants
Recent Trends in Biotechnology and Therapeutic
Applications of Medicinal Plants

Mohd. Shahid (cid:129) Anwar Shahzad

Abida Malik (cid:129) Aastha Sahai
Editors
Recent Trends
in Biotechnology
and Therapeutic Applications
of Medicinal Plants
Editors
Mohd. Shahid Anwar Shahzad
Department of Medical Microbiology, Department of Botany
Immunology and Infectious Diseases Aligarh Muslim University
College of Medicine and Medical Sciences Aligarh , UP , India
Arabian Gulf University
Manama, Bahrain Aastha Sahai
Department of Botany
Abida Malik Aligarh Muslim University
Department of Microbiology Aligarh , UP , India
Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College
and Hospital
Aligarh Muslim University
Aligarh , UP , India
ISBN 978-94-007-6602-0 ISBN 978-94-007-6603-7 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-6603-7
Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg New York London
Library of Congress Control Number: 2013939060
© Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013
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Foreword
Since ancient ages, medicinal plants have been used as a source of drugs in all
cultures. Remedies and healthcare preparations relied on herbs and plants. The use
of traditional medicine and medicinal plants in most developed and developing
countries, as a normative basis for the maintenance of good health, has been widely
observed. Moreover, the use of medicinal plants in the industrialized societies has
been showing trends of development of several drugs and chemotherapeutics from
these plants as well as biotechnological applications. Herbal remedies have become
more popular in the treatment of minor ailments, considering the increasing costs
of personal health maintenance. The concerns in this book initially begin with a
chapter introducing the different types of phytoactive compounds: substances which
represent the activity of plant extracts. Several biotechnological approaches used to
reveal and manipulate these treasury compounds at commercial level are discussed
in greater details. In this publication, the editors concentrated on the biotechnological
applications of the plants and trends of development of several novel approaches,
vaccination, and potential sources for newer antimicrobial agents, without ignoring
in vitro established protocols held by workers and researchers in this fi eld. The book
is a reference text with essential information for various scientists, including
advance students, teachers as well as research scientists in different medical fi elds
and biotechnology applications.
Arabian Gulf University Khaled S. Tabbara, Ph.D.
Manama, Bahrain Associate Professor of Immunology
Vice President
v

Preface
MEDICINAL plants are moving from fringe to mainstream with a greater number
of people seeking remedies and health approaches free from side effects caused
by synthetic chemicals. Recently, considerable attention has been paid to utilize
eco- friendly and bio-friendly plant-based products for the prevention and cure of
different human diseases. Even Western world is now looking for natural remedies
which are safe and effective. Natural products isolated from higher plants and
microorganisms have been providing novel, clinically active drugs since long time.
Biotechnology plays a major role in the production of natural products through
biosynthesis and bioengineering which reduce the dependence on large amount of
plant samples thus relieving pressure on natural resources. Development of medici-
nal plants into therapeutic drugs involves skills, techniques, tools and knowledge
from areas of botany, biotechnology, phytochemistry and medical science.
This book gives an insight into how these diverse areas of science are playing
their role in realizing the therapeutic potential of medicinal plants. Various themes
in the book concentrate on the role of an individual area and its application in
medicinal plant sciences. The book starts with the illustration of phytoactive
compounds which are responsible for therapeutic activity of medicinal plants.
The identifi cation of biologically active compounds is an essential requirement for
quality control and dose determination of plant-based drugs. A medicinal plant can be
viewed as a synthetic laboratory as it produces and contains a number of chemical
compounds. These phytoactive compounds are generally the secondary metabolites
produced by plants in response to any stress and infection. Chapters describing various
biotechnological tools and techniques (bioreactors, hairy root culture and elicitation)
which are required for the production and enhancement of these secondary alkaloids
are included in this book.
Screening of extracts of natural products is a preliminary step for identifying
active agents in different plant species. Studies, and an overview on recent trends,
on screening of antimicrobial compounds in plant extracts from different geographical
regions are included. Therapeutic effect of natural plant products against common
human disorders like dental caries and periodontal diseases have been discussed in
a separate chapter.
vii
viii Preface
An informative and enriching theme, in brief, has been framed, discussing novel
applications of plants as neutraceuticals and edible vaccines. These new approaches
in plant science give an idea of the vast unutilized potential of these natural resources.
An important part of the therapeutic plant science is the conservation of these fast
depleting medicinal plant resources. Tissue culture is useful for multiplying and
conserving the plant species, which are at the verge of extinction due to high
commercial demand. The last theme of the book provides exquisite compilation of
in vitro regeneration protocols for different commercially important, rare, threatened
and endangered medicinal plant species.
Thus the book aims to provide comprehensive information on basic tools and
technologies involved in the therapeutic applications of medicinal plants together
with recent ongoing trends and advances in this fi eld. This book will be benefi cial
to students studying biotechnology, phytochemistry, medical science and botany.
Also, it would prove a great source of information on recent studies and trends
in medicinal plant science for researchers involved in medicinal plant and phyto-
pharmaceutical researches.
During preparation of this book, we did our sincere efforts to provide good
scientifi c contents and hope that the readers, including students, teachers and
researchers will fi nd it useful.
We thank our learned contributors for their timely submissions and cooperation
during compilation of the book. The editors deeply appreciate the scientifi c advice
provided by the reviewers and the time to time assistance provided by the Springer
book editorial team, especially from Machado Elisabete and Zuzana Bernhart.
We also wish to acknowledge the support provided by our family members and dear
friends that provided us the boost to complete this energetic task.
And fi nally, we sincerely acknowledge the blessings from the Almighty God, for
making this task easy for us.
Manama, Bahrain Mohd. Shahid
Aligarh, India Anwar Shahzad
26 January 2013 Abida Malik
Aastha Sahai
Contents
1 Phytoactive Compounds from In Vitro Derived Tissues ...................... 1
Anwar Shahzad, Arjumend Shaheen, M. Imran Kozgar,
Aastha Sahai, and Shiwali Sharma
2 Bioreactors: A Rapid Approach for Secondary
Metabolite Production ............................................................................ 25
Shiwali Sharma and Anwar Shahzad
3 Hairy Root Culture: An Effi cient System for Secondary
Metabolite Production ............................................................................ 51
Shiwali Sharma, Anwar Shahzad, and Aastha Sahai
4 Elicitation: An Alternative Approach Towards Commercialization
of Secondary Metabolite Production ..................................................... 79
Shiwali Sharma and Anwar Shahzad
5 Plant Natural Products as a Potential Source of Antimicrobial
Agents: An Overview and a Glimpse on Recent Developments .......... 93
Mohd. Shahid, Fazal K. Dar, Abdulrahman Y. Ismaeel,
Ali Al-Mahmeed, Khalid Al Sindi, Abida Malik, and Haris M. Khan
6 Recent Trends in Prevention and Treatment of Dental Caries
and Periodontal Disease by Natural Plant Products ............................ 109
Pranay Jain and Ram Kumar Pundir
7 Antimicrobial Activity of Plants Used in México
for Gastrointestinal and Respiratory Disorders .................................. 131
Ricardo Salazar-Aranda, Luis A. Pérez-López,
Verónica Rivas-Galindo, and Noemí Waksman de Torres
8 Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry Pharmacological and Biotechnogical
approaches of Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don ................................... 189
Junaid Aslam, Shamim Ajaz, and Malik Mohd. Nadim
ix