Recent Interferometry Applications in Topography and Astronomy

229 Pages·25.172 MB·English

by  Padron I. (Ed.)

RECENT INTERFEROMETRY
APPLICATIONS

IN TOPOGRAPHY

AND ASTRONOMY

Edited by Ivan Padron
RECENT INTERFEROMETRY
APPLICATIONS
IN TOPOGRAPHY
AND ASTRONOMY

Edited by Ivan Padron
Recent Interferometry Applications in Topography and Astronomy
Edited by Ivan Padron

Published by InTech
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Copyright © 2012 InTech
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Publishing Process Manager Petra Nenadic
Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic
Cover Designer InTech Design Team

First published March, 2012
Printed in Croatia

A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com
Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected]

Recent Interferometry Applications in Topography and Astronomy, Edited by Ivan Padron
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-51-0404-9

Contents

Preface VII
Chapter 1 Coherence Correlation Interferometry
in Surface Topography Measurements 1
Wojciech Kaplonek and Czeslaw Lukianowicz
Chapter 2 Surface Micro Topography
Measurement Using Interferometry 27
Dahi Ghareab Abdelsalam
Chapter 3 Advanced Multitemporal Phase
Unwrapping Techniques for DInSAR Analyses 57
Antonio Pepe
Chapter 4 Simulation of 3-D Coastal Spit Geomorphology Using
Differential Synthetic Aperture Interferometry (DInSAR) 83
Maged Marghany
Chapter 5 Local, Fine Co-Registration of SAR Interferometry
Using the Number of Singular Points for the Evaluation 95
Ryo Natsuaki and Akira Hirose
Chapter 6 Robust Interferometric Phase Estimation
in InSAR via Joint Subspace Projection 111
Hai Li and Renbiao Wu
Chapter 7 Airborne Passive Localization Method
Based on Doppler-Phase Interference Measuring 133
Tao Yu
Chapter 8 Experiences in Boreal Forest Stem Volume
Estimation from Multitemporal C-Band InSAR 169
Jan Askne and Maurizio Santoro
Chapter 9 Interferometry to Detect Planets
Outside Our Solar System 195
Marija Strojnik and Gonzalo Paez

Preface

This book is an actualized reference of some interferometry applications. It provides a
current overview of the theoretical and experimental aspects of interferometry
techniques applied to Topography and Astronomy.
The first two chapters comprise interferometry techniques used for precise
measurement of surface topography in engineering applications. Chapter 1 shows the
advantages of the coherence correlation interferometry in comparison with phase
shifting methods for precise measurement of surface topography. Chapter 2 includes a
summary of recent developments of interferometry techniques for surface micro
topography measurement and introduces a new approach to reduce coherent noise in
interferometry phase-contrast image. Also, different numerical reconstruction
algorithms are reviewed and compared. The principle of multiple-beam
interferometry and its ability to feature extremely small height objects are described
and experimental verified.
Chapters three through eight are dedicated to interferometry applications related to
Earth’s topography. Chapter 3 presents a short review of some advanced multi-
temporal phase unwrapping approaches for the generation of surface deformation
time series through the application of the small baseline subset Differential Synthetic
Aperture Radar interferometry (DInSAR) technique and includes experimental results,
which clearly demonstrate, the validity of these approaches and their valuable
applicability in real cases. Chapter 4 demonstrates the 3-D spit reconstruction from
DInSAR using three C-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images acquired by
RADARSAT-1 SAR F 1 mode data. The chapter presents the integration between the
conventional DInSAR method and the fuzzy B-spline as an excellent tool for 3-D
coastal geomorphology reconstruction from SAR data under the circumstance of
temporal decorrelation. Chapter 5 proposes a new method of co-registration, namely
the SPEC method, which uses the number of singular points in the temporary
interferogram as the evaluation criterion to co-register the master slave map locally
and nonlinearly. The SPEC method successfully improves the quality of the digital
elevation model, and it makes ambiguous fringes clearer in its appearance. Chapter 6
presents the interferometric phase estimation method based on subspace projection
and its modified method. A fast algorithm is developed to implement the modified
method, which can significantly reduce the computational burden including
VIII Preface

theoretical analysis and simulations. Chapter 7 discusses the functional relation
between Doppler shift and phase interferometry and presents some methods which
can synthesize these two methods directly from mathematical formulations. Based on
this fusion in a physical relationship, Doppler shift is obtained by measuring its phase
demonstrating that Doppler-phase interference help to develop airborne passive
location techniques, as well as correlation techniques. Chapter 8 describes methods
and results giving insight into the applicability of C-band InSAR coherence data for
retrieval of stem volume in boreal forests. It includes an analysis of a large dataset of
European Remote Sensing Satellites (ERS) tandem interferometric synthetic aperture
radar (InSAR) data with a focus on the accuracy by which stem volume can be
estimated in boreal forest. The introduction of a method without the need for in situ
data for estimating model parameters demonstrates that the estimation of stem
volume is characterized by the same accuracy as when the model is trained by means
of in situ measurements. The technique is based on a method by means of consistency
plots. Such plots could also illustrate for what forest stands the coherence observations
are less stable and the expected accuracy worse than for those closer to the ridge in the
plots.
Chapter 9 is an application of interferometry in Astronomy, directed specifically to
detection of planets outside our solar system. This chapter demonstrates theoretically
that the existence of the planet is optically directly confirmed by detecting faint
straight fringes, using a one aperture interferometer, and develops the theoretical basis
for the argument that the radiation from the star is parallel to the optical axis, while
that coming from the planet has a tilt. Also, a new signal-to-noise ratio of 10-3 is
established.
The book has been made possible as the outcome of the exceptional work done by all
authors and the professional assistance of Publishing Process Manager, Ms. Petra
Nenadic, during all phases of editing.
Ivan Padron
New Jersey institute of Technology
USA

1
Coherence Correlation Interferometry
in Surface Topography Measurements
Wojciech Kaplonek and Czeslaw Lukianowicz
Koszalin University of Technology
Poland
1. Introduction
Assessment of surface topography can be done by various methods, especially stylus and
optical methods as well as utilising scanning tunneling microscopes and atomic force
microscopes (Whitehouse, 1994, 2003; Thomas, 1999; Wieczorowski, 2009). The most
accurate techniques for assessing surface topography include optical methods (Leach, 2011),
especially methods of interference (Pluta, 1993; Hariharan, 2007). In the last two decades,
there have been rapid developments in interferometry, as a result of the new possibilities for
digital recording and analysis of interference images. The fastest growing interference
methods include Phase Stepping Interferometry (PSI) (Creath, 1988; Stahl, 1990; Kujawinska,
1993; Creath & Schmit, 2004) and methods based on coherence analysis of light reflected
from the test and reference surfaces (Harasaki et al., 2000; Blunt & Jiang, 2003; Schmit, 2005;
Blunt, 2006; Petzing et al., 2010). This second group of methods is defined in different terms
in English (Petzing et al., 2010; Leach, 2011), for example:
 Coherence Correlation Interferometry (CCI),
 Coherence Probe Microscopy (CPM),
 Coherence Scanning Microscopy (CSM),
 Coherence Radar (CR),
 Coherence Scanning Interferometry (CSI),
 Coherence Scanning Microscopy (CSM),
 Scanning White Light Interferometry (SWLI),
 Vertical Scanning Interferometry (VSI),
 White Light Scanning Interferometry (WLSI).
Modern methods of interferential microscopy used for the assessment of surface topography
are based on automated interference image analysis and coherence analysis (Deck & de
Grot, 1994; Patorski et al., 2005; de Grot & Colonna de Lega, 2004; Niehues et al., 2007).
Assessment of surface topography requires that all of the information contained in one or
more interference images, be porcessed in a sufficiently brief period of time. This process
was made possible by:
 progress in the development of photodetectors,
 several hundred-fold increase in computing power,
 technological improvements in effective data storage,