Recent Advances in Mucosal Immunology: Part A: Cellular Interactions

883 Pages·1987·13.698 MB·English

by  Jiri Mestecky, Jerry R. McGhee, John Bienenstock, Pearay L. Ogra (auth.), Jiri Mestecky, Jerry R. McGhee, John Bienenstock, Pearay L. Ogra (eds.)

RECENT ADVANCES IN
MUCOSAL IMMUNOLOGY
Part A: Cellular Interactions
ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY
Editorial Board:
NATHAN BACK, State University of New York at Buffalo
EPHRAIM KATCHALSKI-KATZIR, The Weizmann Institute of Science
DAVID KRITCHEVSKY, Wistar Institute
ABEL LAJTHA, N. S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research
RODOLFO PAOLETTI, University of Milan
Recent Volumes in this Series
Volume 212
ACUTE RENAL FAILURE: Clinical and Experimental
Edited by Alberto Amerio, Pasquale Coratelli, Vito M. Campese,
and Shaul G. Massry
Volume 213
MECHANISMS OF LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION AND IMMUNE REGULATION
Edited by Sudhir Gupta, William E. Paul, and Anthony S. Fauci
Volume 214
THE NEW DIMENSIONS OF WARFARIN PROPHYLAXIS
Edited by Stanford Wessler, Carl G. Becker, and Yale Nemerson
Volume 215
OXYGEN TRANSPORT TO TISSUE IX
Edited by I. A. Silver and A. Silver
Volume 216 A
RECENT ADVANCES IN MUCOSAL IMMUNOLOGY, Part A: Cellular Interactions
Edited by Jiri Mestecky, Jerry R. McGhee, John Bienenstock, and Pearay L. Ogra
Volume 216 B
RECENT ADVANCES IN MUCOSAL IMMUNOLOGY, Part B: Effector Functions
Edited by Jerry R. McGhee, Jiri Mestecky, Pearay L. Ogra, and John Bienenstock
Volume 217
THE BIOLOGY OF TAURINE: Methods and Mechanisms
Edited by Ryan J. Huxtable, Flavia Franconi, and Alberto Giotti
Volume 218
CORONAVIRUSES
Edited by Michael M. C. Lai and Stephen A. Stohlman
Volume 219
REGULATION OF OVARIAN AND TESTICULAR FUNCTION
Edited by Virendra B. Mahesh, Dharam S. Dhindsa, Everett Anderson,
and Satya P. Kalra
A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each new volume
immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment. For further information please contact
the publisher.
RECENT ADVANCES IN
MUCOSAL IMMUNOLOGY
Part A: Cellular Interactions
Edited by
Jiri Mestecky
Jerry R. McGhee
University of Alabama at Birmingham
Birmingham, Alabama
John Bienenstock
McMaster University
Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
and
Pearay L. Ogra
State University of New York at Buffalo
Buffalo, New York
PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK AND LONDON
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
International Congresses on Mucosal Immunology (1986: Niagara Falls, N.Y.)
Recent advances in mucosal immunology.
(Advances in experimental medicine and biology; v. 216)
"Proceedings of the International Congress on Mucosal Immunology, held June
29-July 3,1986, in Niagara Falls, New York"-T.p. verso.
A satellite symposium of the 6th International Congress of Immunology, held in
Toronto, Ont., 1986.
Includes bibliographies and index.
1. Mucous membrane-Congresses. 2. Immunity-Congresses. 3. Mucous mem
brane-Diseases-Immunological aspects-Congresses. I. Mestecky, Jiri, 1941-
II. McGhee, Jerry R. III. Bienenstock, John. IV. Ogra, Pearay L. V. International
Congress of Immunology VI. Series. (6th: 1986: Toronto, Ont.) VII. Title. [DNLM: 1.
Mucous Membrane-immunology - congresses.
QS S32.S.M8 161r 1986]
QRI8S.9.M83IS8 1986 611'.0187 87-14129
Proceedings of the International Congress on Mucosal Immunology,
held June 29-July 3, 1986, in Niagara Falls, New York
ISBN-l3: 978-1-4684-5346-1 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-5344-7
DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4684-5344-7
© 1987 Plenum Press, New York
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1987
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
DEDICATION
This volume is dedicated to the memory of three colleagues who are no
longer with us: Dr. Henry G. Kunkel, Dr. Eva Orlans, and Dr. Richard M.
Rothberg. Their contribution to the field of mucosal immunology and their
participation in past meetings are deeply appreciated by all of us.
Original studies of Dr. Rothberg in the area of oral immunization with
protein antigens, assays of immune responses, and Ln milk immunology were
of considerable significance to many subsequent investigations. Dr. Orlans
will be remembered for her discoveries in developmental immunology and
hepatobiliary transport of IgA. Much has been written about Dr. Kunkel's
contributions to immunology since his untimely death. He himself, wrote a
short summary of his contributions to immunology in the evening prior to
his death. We are deeply grateful to his wife, Betty, for making this
unique document available to us. He did not mention his contributions to
IgA immunology which included many pioneering immunochemical and cellular
studies and many investigators who have participated at this series of
meetings were trained in his laboratory. Perhaps in the future his
contribution to this area will be fully evaluated.
Accomplishments - Henry G. Kunkel
I. Liver Disease work: This was the initial research work begun at the
Rockefeller Institute. Clinical studies dominated and three significant
papers were written on the progression of a few cases of acute hepatitis
to a more chronic disease. Two liver disease syndromes were described for
the first time and continue to be recognized today. The one was chronic
liver disease in young females with a distinct hormone element and with
marked hypergammaglobulinemia. This was sometimes associated with
arthritis and positive lupus tests. The other was given the name of
primary biliary cirrhosis and was associated with hyperlipidemia and
sometimes xanthomata.
II. Studies of SLE and Rheumatoid Arthritis: This work stemmed directly
from the liver disease syndromes described above which had some
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manifestations of SLE. It was soon apparent that SLE was an entirely
different disease without liver manifestations. We were intrigued with
the L.E. cell phenomenon in this disease and demonstrated that it was an
antibody-mediated reaction. This finding led to the first description of
DNA antibodies in this disease as well as many other antibodies including
those to nucleoprotein, histones, microsomes, and mitochondria. Sm
antibodies were also described. A role for certain of these antibodies in
the renal disease was demonstrated, primarily by their recognition in the
kidney by fluorescence and by their elution at high concentration from
autopsy kidneys. Immune complex disease was first described and SLE was
designated as the prototype.
Studies of rheumatoid factor from rheumatoid arthritis patients showed
that this was a 19S antibody and not some obscure factor. It existed in
the serum as a complex with 7S IgG. These complexes could be visualized
in the ultracentrifuge. Other complexes involving Igs also were described,
particularly IgG - IgG complexes involving IgG rheumatoid factor. These
were shown to be especially apparent in joint fluids of these patients.
The chief accomplishment in these diseases was to demonstrate for the
first time that unusual antibodies are present and that they frequently
circulate as immune complexes, some of which are involved ~n at least
kidney damage. Our initial evidence that these "factors" were antibodies
received considerable resistance even from immunologists. However, our
simultaneous work on classical antibodies and their many different types
placed us in a position of knowing more about human antibodies than anyone
else and acceptance of our proposals soon ensued.
III. Basic Immunology: Immunoglobulin work: The high gammaglobulin
levels in liver disease and especially in the studies of young girls led
to an investigation of this serum component in great detail. The extreme
abnormality in multiple myeloma immediately attracted our attention but
these proteins were thought to be abnormal proteins. It was possible to
demonstrate for the first time that these proteins were closely related to
normal immunoglobulins; cross reactions clearly showed this, especially
with antibodies to normal gammaglobulin. As a result we decided to use
these homogenous myeloma proteins as models for individual immunoglobulins
or antibodies. This theme was dominant in all our subsequent work and
that of the people who trained with us. Perhaps our most important
discovery was the finding that these proteins possessed individual
antigenic specificity or idiotypic specificity as it was subsequently
termed. This was evident in the early myeloma studies and later was
vi
similarly defined for isolated antibodies. Antibodies could be raised
against the V regions of these proteins that helped define these V regions,
study their genetics, and diversity. It became a dominant branch of
immunology. Cross-idiotypic specificity relating to antigen binding was
described first, which also developed into a major subfield.
Myeloma proteins also aided greatly ~n defining the many different
types of immunoglobulins. The discovery of two types of light chains,
kappa and lambda, and the definition of four subclasses of heavy chains,
as well as the heavy and light chains themselves, primarily ensued from
our laboratory. The genetics of human Igs was largely worked out with
homogenous myeloma proteins and the heavy chain linkage group was
delineated.
The IgM proteins were defined for the first time as a distinct class
of Igs which contained multiple antibodies. This class was distinguished
clearly on the basis of its antigenic specificity in addition to high car
bohydrate content. It had previously been thought to represent a polymer
of ordinary IgG proteins.
Cellular Immunology: Our work gradually shifted from serum antibodies
to the cells that produce these antibodies as well as those regulating
their production. Membrane Igs on B lymphocytes were clearly shown to be
primarily IgM and 19D. These two proteins were shown to have identical V
regions as demonstrated by anti-idiotypic antibodies. Two major
discoveries were made in the cellular histocompatibility area. The DR
system primarily represented on B cells was delineated and clearly
separated from the classical HLA system. Secondly, the complement system
was related to the histocompatibility system. The second component of
complement, C2, was inherited in close linkage,with the HLA system. Both
of these discoveries opened up new fields of investigation.
IV. Miscellaneous Accomplishments:
Electrophoresis: Zone electrophoresis was developed into a major
method of protein separation. Block electrophoresis in various supporting
media was originated, particularly through the use of starch and polyvinyl
supports. The theory of zone electrophoresis was developed.
Density Gradient Ultracentrifugation: This technique that had been
used for cell separation was first employed for separation of proteins,
notably 19s.
Hbg A2: This normal hemoglobin was described for the first time.
Quantitation of this component showed its elevation in thalassemia and was
utilized diagnostically.
vii
Immune Deficiency: A number of significant observations were made.
Firstly, gene defects were described where specific subclass gene products
were missing in multiple family members. Secondly, absence of B cells in
many cases was first described. Thirdly, and most recently, reversal of
various types of immune deficiency in vitro with products of T cell
hybridomas was achieved.
Co-workers: All these accomplishments were carried out with a
brilliant group of collaborators. Those who participated in the projects
listed are as follows: Robert Slater, Alexander Bearn, Edward Ahrens,
Gerald Edelman, Halstead Holman, Edward Franklin, Hans Muller-Eberhard,
Ralph Williams, Mart Mannik, William Yount, Shu Man Fu, and Robert
Winchester.
v~i
PREFACE
Increasing interest in the immunology of mucosal surfaces is obvious
from the number of publications in scientific journals and from the
frequency of national and international symposia devoted to this subject.
Particularly encouraging are the large numbers of young investigators who
have chosen to work in this area of theoretical immunology with profound
practical implications.
The two volumes represented here are the result of an International
Congress Of Mucosal Immunology held at the Niagara Falls Convention Center
and the Niagara Falls Hilton on June 29 - July 3, 1986. This satellite
meeting of the International Congress of Immunology placed emphasis on
all aspects of the Mucosal Immune System. This included the regulation
of differentiation of mucosal lymphocytes, mucosa-associated
lymphoreticular tissue and lymphocyte homing, the immunology of mucosa
associated tissues and glands, effector functions in mucosal immunity,
and the effects of environmental antigens on the immune response, all of
which are included in Volume I. The second volume has emphasized studies
of the immune response and effector functions, IgA biosynthesis and
transport, IgA proteases and effector functions, developmental aspects
and immunodeficiency, the immunopathology of IgA and mucosal
immunoprophylaxis. A total of 218 papers are included in these two volumes
and a comparison to past meetings held at four to five year intervals
indicates the explosive growth of mucosal immunology. A total of 50 papers
were presented at the 1973 meeting and 81 reports were given at the 1977
meeting, both of which were held in Birmingham, Alabama and were published
in the current series by Plenum Press. The third meeting in this series,
held in 1982 in New York City contained 113 contributions. Clearly, the
-Mucosal Immune System has come of age.
The hosting of a Congress of this magnitude and the compilation of
two Volumes of publications obviously necessitates our sincere thanks for
the efforts of many individuals and groups. The secretarial staffs of
the Editors of these Volumes are gratefully acknowledged. These volumes
would not have been possible without the expert skill and dedication of
Ms. Yvonne A. Noll, who corrected and retyped all papers in this series.
We also acknowledge financial support from the following:
Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, Illinois
Dr. J. Claude Bennett, Department of Medicine,
University of Alabama At Birmingham
Dr. Charles A. McCallum, Office of the President,
University of Alabama At Birmingham
Dr. James Pittman, School of Medicine,
University of Alabama At Birmingham
Procter and Gamble, Co., Cincinnati, Ohio
Dr. Leonard Robinson, School of Dentistry,
University of Alabama At Birmingham
Ross Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio
The Editors
February, 1987
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