Real-time Coastal Observing Systems for Marine Ecosystem Dynamics and Harmful Algal Blooms

866 Pages·2008·19.68 MB·English

Real-time Coastal
Observing Systems
for
Marine
Ecosystem Dynamics
and
Harmful Algal
Blooms
Theory, Instrumentation
and Modelling
Edited by
Marcel Babin
Collin S. Roesler
John J. Cullen
Oceanographic Methodology series
UNESCO Publishing
Real-time Coastal
Observing Systems
for Marine Ecosystem
Dynamics and Harmful
Algal Blooms: Theory,
Instrumentation and
Modelling
Edited by Marcel Babin, Collin S. Roesler
and John J. Cullen
Published in 2008 by the United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization
7, place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP, France
© UNESCO 2008
All rights reserved
ISBN 978-92-3-104042-9
The designations employed and the presentation of material
throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any
opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal
status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities,
or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
The authors are responsible for the choice and the presentation
of the facts contained in this book and for the opinions
expressed therein, which are not necessarily those of
UNESCO and do not commit the Organization.
Cover photos:
Background:
Surface bloom of toxic cyanobacterium of the Nodularia genus in the Baltic Sea
as discerned through a 250-m resolution quasi-true colour MODIS-Aqua image
(M. Kahru).
Insets (from top to bottom):
Observation system using meteorological, hydrographic and optical sensors deployed
by the Marine Environmental Prediction System in Nova Scotia, Canada (P. Kuhn).
Light micrograph of two cells of toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense
(A. Cembella).
Plan view of destabilized linear front accompanied by along-front jet
(J. M. Pringle and P. J. S. Franks).
Bio-optical glider of the Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche-sur-mer
(D. Luquet and H. Claustre).
Cover design: Catherine Brown
Typeset by Thomson Digital (Mauritius) LTD
Printed by Graphic3, Valencia
Printed in Spain
Preface
The Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO has for more than
a decade given attention to activities aimed at developing capacity in research, sus-
tained observations and management of harmful microalgae through its Harmful Al-
gal Bloom Programme and the Global Ocean Observing System.
The term ‘harmful algae’ is not a scientific but a societal one. It calls attention to
the increasing detrimental effects caused by these organisms on national economies.
The aim of supporting improved observation systems for harmful algae is to help miti-
gate their negative effects on fisheries, aquaculture, human health and recreation areas.
Understanding the causes of harmful algal events and developing contingency plans
links directly with other important areas of societal concern such as eutrophication,
integrated coastal area management, fisheries management, and transfer and introduc-
tion of non-indigenous marine species. These linkages are important for addressing
the problem of harmful algae adequately so that society can understand and better
appreciate the results of science in this field.
The first comprehensive guidance on research and management methodologies
for harmful algae was the Manual on Harmful Marine Microalgae first published in the
IOC Manual and Guides series in 1995 and subsequently in revised editions in 2000
and 2003 in the UNESCO series on Oceanographic Methodology. Rapid develop-
ments in technology and a strong focus in the international community on operational
marine observation systems have now made it relevant to complement the Manual with
this new volume on real-time coastal observing systems for marine ecosystem dynam-
ics and harmful algal blooms.
The IOC expresses its profound appreciation to the 58 scientists who prepared
the manuscripts for this Manual, and wishes to give its particular thanks to the editors
Drs Marcel Babin, Collin Roesler and John Cullen for their devoted involvement in
this project1.
The publication of this monograph has been made possible through support from
the European Commission, the Danish Natural Research Council, and the Danish
Ministry of Foreign Affairs (DANIDA), contributions that we are most happy to
acknowledge.
Patricio Bernal
Assistant Director General of UNESCO
Executive Secretary
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission
1The scientific opinions expressed in this work are those of the authors and are not necessarily those of
UNESCO and its IOC. Equipment and materials have been cited as examples of those most currently used
by the authors, and their inclusion does not imply that they should be considered as preferable to others
available at that time or developed since.
Contents
Contributors vii
Acknowledgements xiii
Introduction xvii
1. Observation and prediction of harmful algal blooms 1
J. J. Cullen
2. Interdisciplinary sampling strategies for detection and characterization
of harmful algal blooms 43
G. Chang and T. D. Dickey
3. Bio-optics in integrated ocean observing networks: potential for studying
harmful algal blooms 85
O. Schofield, J. Bosch, S. Glenn, G. Kirkpatrick, J. Kerfoot, S. Lohrenz,
M. Moline, M. Oliver and P. Bisset
4. Introduction to optical properties in the sea: theoretical aspects 109
A. Morel
5. In situ measurement of inherent optical properties and potential for
harmful algal bloom detection and coastal ecosystem observations 153
C. S. Roesler and E. Boss
6. Measurement of apparent optical properties for diagnosis of
harmful algal blooms 207
M. R. Lewis
7. Phytoplankton fluorescence: theory, current literature and in situ measurement 237
M. Babin
8. Characterizing seawater constituents from optical properties 281
H. M. Sosik
9. Overview of ocean colour: theoretical background, sensors and applicability
to detection and monitoring of harmful algal blooms (capabilities and limitations) 331
K. Ruddick, G. Lacroix, Y. Park, V. Rousseau, V. De Cauwer and S. Sterckx
10. Sensing plankton: acoustics and optical imaging 385
J. S. Jaffe
11. Prospects for developing automated systems for in situ detection of harmful
algae and their toxins 413
C. A. Scholin, G. J. Doucette and A. D. Cembella
12. Biofouling and underwater measurements 463
M. Lehaitre, L. Delauney and C. Compère
13. Glider and autonomous underwater vehicle observing systems 495
G. Griffiths
14. Ecosystem dynamics, harmful algal blooms and operational oceanography 527
T. C. Malone
v
Contents
15. Physics and physical modelling of harmful algal blooms 561
P. J. S. Franks
16. Modelling blooms of Alexandrium fundyense in the Gulf of Maine 599
D. J. McGillicuddy Jr, D. M. Anderson, C. A. Stock, D. R. Lynch and
D. W. Townsend
17. Modelling coastal dynamics and harmful algal blooms in the Baltic Sea 627
W. Fennel and T. Neumann
18. Modelling algal dynamics in eutrophic coastal waters 663
J. H. W. Lee, K. W. Choi, K. T. M. Wong, B. Qu and F. Arega
19. Integration of ocean-colour remote sensing with coastal nowcast/forecast
simulations of harmful algal blooms 695
W. P. Bissett, R. Arnone, S. DeBra, D. Dye, G. Kirkpatrick, C. Mobley and
O. M. Schofield
20. Use of real-time observations in an operational ocean data assimilation system:
the Mediterranean case 733
N. Pinardi, C. Fratianni and M. Adani
21. Real-time coastal observing systems for ecosystem dynamics and harmful
algal blooms: needs and expectations of users 765
G. C. Pitcher, S. Bernard and A. Fawcett
22. Index 799
vi
Contributors
Mario Adani
Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Bologna, Via A. Moro 44,
40127 Bologna, Italy
E-mail: [email protected]
Don M. Anderson
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
E-mail: [email protected]
Feleke Arega
South Carolina Department of Natural Resource, Columbia, SC 29201, USA
E-mail: [email protected]
Robert Arnone
Code 7330, Naval Research Laboratory, Stennis Space Center, MS39529, USA
E-mail: [email protected]
Marcel Babin
Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche, BP 8, 06238 Villefranche-sur-Mer
Cedex, France
E-mail: [email protected]
Stewart Bernard
Department of Oceanography, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7701, South
Africa
E-mail: [email protected]
Paul Bissett
Florida Environmental Research Institute, 10500 University Center Drive, Suite 140,
Tampa, FL 33612, USA
E-mail: pbissett@feriweb. org
Jennifer Bosch
Coastal Ocean Observation Laboratory, Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences,
Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
E-mail: [email protected]
Emmanuel Boss
School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, USA
E-mail: [email protected]
vii
Contributors
Allan D. Cembella
Alfred Wegener Institute, Am Handelschafen 12, Bremerhaven, Germany
E-mail: [email protected]
Grace Chang
Ocean Physics Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara, 6487 Calle Real
Unit A, Santa Barbara, CA 93117, USA
E-mail: [email protected]
David K. W. Choi
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong,
China
E-mail: [email protected]
Chantal Compère
Ifremer ERT/IC, BP70, 29280 Plouzané, France
E-mail: [email protected]
John J. Cullen
Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4J1,
Canada
E-mail: [email protected]
Sharon DeBra
Florida Environmental Research Institute, 10500 University Center Drive, Suite 140,
Tampa, FL 33612, USA
E-mail:[email protected]
Vera De Cauwer
Management Unit of the North Sea Mathematical Models (MUMM), Royal Belgian
Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS), 100 Gulledelle, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
(now at Department of Land Management, Polytechnic of Namibia), P/Bag 13388,
Windhoek, Namibia
E-mail: [email protected]
Laurent Delauney
Ifremer ERT/IC, BP70, 29280 Plouzané, France
E-mail: [email protected]
Tommy D. Dickey
Ocean Physics Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara, 6487 Calle Real
Unit A, Santa Barbara, CA 93117, USA
E-mail: [email protected]
Greg J. Doucette
NOAA/National Ocean Service, Marine Biotoxins Program, 219 Fort Johnson Rd,
Charleston, SC 29412, USA
E-mail: [email protected]
vviiiiii
Contributors
D. Dye
Florida Environmental Research Institute, 10500 University Center Drive, Suite 140,
Tampa, FL 33612, USA
E-mail: [email protected]
Alexandra Fawcett
Department of Oceanography, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7701, South
Africa
E-mail: [email protected]
Wolfgang Fennel
Section of Physical Oceanography and Instrumentation, Baltic Sea Research
Institute, 18119 Rostock, Germany
E-mail: [email protected]
Peter J. S. Franks
Integrative Oceanography Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University
of California, La Jolla, CA 92093-0218, USA
E-mail: [email protected]
Claudia Fratianni
Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Bologna, Via A. Moro 44,
40127 Bologna, Italy
E-mail: [email protected]
Scott Glenn
Coastal Ocean Observation Laboratory, Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences,
Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
E-mail: [email protected]
Gwyn Griffiths
National Oceanography Centre, Empress Dock, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
E-mail: [email protected]
Jules S. Jaffe
Marine Physical Laboratory, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of
California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0238, USA
E-mail: [email protected]
John Kerfoot
Coastal Ocean Observation Laboratory, Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences,
Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
E-mail: [email protected]
Gary Kirkpatrick
Mote Marine Laboratory, 1600 Thompson Parkway, Sarasota, FL 34236, USA
E-mail: [email protected]
ix
Contributors
Geneviève Lacroix
Management Unit of the North Sea Mathematical Models (MUMM), Royal
Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS), 100 Gulledelle, B-1200 Brussels,
Belgium
E-mail: [email protected]
Joseph Hun-wei Lee
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong,
China
E-mail: [email protected]
Michel Lehaitre
Laboratoire ERT/IC, IFREMER Centre de Brest, BP 70 29280 Plouzane, France
E-mail: [email protected]
Marlon R. Lewis
Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
B3H4J1
E-mail: [email protected]
Steve Lohrenz
Department of Marine Science, 1020 Balch Blvd, Stennis Space Center, MS 39529-
9904, USA
E-mail: [email protected]
Daniel R. Lynch
Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
E-mail: [email protected]
Thomas C. Malone
Horn Point Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science,
Cambridge, MD 21613, USA
E-mail: [email protected]
Dennis J. McGillicuddy Jr
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
E-mail: [email protected]
Curtis Mobley
Sequoia Scientific, Inc., 2700 Richards Road, Suite 107, Bellevue, WA 98005, USA
E-mail: [email protected]
Mark Moline
Biological Sciences Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis
Obispo, CA 93407, USA
E-mail: [email protected]
x