Table Of Content

1300 Henley Court Real Analog: Chapters 1-12 Pullman, WA 99163 509.334.6306 www.store.digilent.com Table of Contents Table of Contents .................................................................................................................. 1 Chapter 1: Circuit Analysis Fundamentals ............................................................................ 39 1 Introduction and Chapter Objectives ............................................................................ 39 After Completing this Chapter, You Should be Able to: ....................................................... 39 1.1 Basic Circuit Parameters and Sign Conventions ............................................................. 40 1.1.1 Electrical Charge ..................................................................................................... 40 1.1.2 Voltage .................................................................................................................... 40 1.1.3 Current .................................................................................................................... 41 1.1.4 Power ...................................................................................................................... 41 1.1.5 International System of Units and Prefixes ............................................................ 41 1.1.6 Passive Sign Convention ......................................................................................... 42 Example 1.1: .......................................................................................................................... 42 Example 1.2: .......................................................................................................................... 43 Example 1.3: .......................................................................................................................... 43 1.1.7 Voltage Subscript and Sign Conventions ................................................................ 44 1.1.8 Reference Voltages and Ground ............................................................................. 44 Example 1.4: .......................................................................................................................... 44 1.1.9 Power and Sign Conventions .................................................................................. 45 Example 1.5: .......................................................................................................................... 45 Section Summary .................................................................................................................. 45 1.1 Exercises ..................................................................................................................... 46 Chapters 1-12 Other product and companCyo pnyarmigehst mDiegnilteionnt,e Idn cm. 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Page 1 of 688 Real Analog: Chapters 1-12 1.2 Power Sources ................................................................................................................ 47 1.2.1 Independent Voltage Sources ................................................................................. 47 1.2.2 Independent Current Sources ................................................................................. 48 1.2.3 Dependent Sources ................................................................................................. 48 Section Summary .................................................................................................................. 50 1.2 Exercises: .................................................................................................................... 50 1.3 Resistors and Ohm’s Law ............................................................................................... 50 1.3.1 Conductance ........................................................................................................... 52 1.3.2 Power Dissipation ................................................................................................... 52 1.3.3 Practical Resistors ................................................................................................... 52 Example 1.6: .......................................................................................................................... 54 Section Summary .................................................................................................................. 54 1.3 Exercises ..................................................................................................................... 54 1.4 Kirchhoff's Laws .............................................................................................................. 55 1.4.1 Nodes ...................................................................................................................... 55 Example 1.7 ........................................................................................................................... 55 1.4.2 Loops ....................................................................................................................... 56 Example 1.8 ........................................................................................................................... 56 1.4.3 Kirchhoff’s Current Law .......................................................................................... 56 Example 1.9: .......................................................................................................................... 57 Example 1.10: ........................................................................................................................ 57 1.4.4 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law .......................................................................................... 58 Example 1.11: ........................................................................................................................ 59 Application Examples: Solving for Circuit Element Variables ............................................... 60 Example 1.12: ........................................................................................................................ 60 Example 1.13: ........................................................................................................................ 61 Section Summary .................................................................................................................. 62 1.4 Exercises: .................................................................................................................... 62 Chapter Summary: .................................................................................................................... 62 Real Analog Chapter 1: Lab Projects ..................................................................................... 64 COothpeyrr ipghrot dDuigctil eanntd, Icnocm. 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Page 2 of 688 Real Analog: Chapters 1-12 1.1: Solderless Breadboards, Open-circuits, and Short-circuits ............................................... 64 Symbol Key ............................................................................................................................ 64 General Discussion: ............................................................................................................... 64 Pre-lab: None ....................................................................................................................... 64 Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................... 65 Real Analog Chapter 1: Lab Worksheets ............................................................................... 67 1.1: Breadboards and Ohmmeters (20 points total) ................................................................ 67 Real Analog Chapter 1: Lab Projects ..................................................................................... 68 1.2.1: Independent Power Supplies, Ammeters, and Voltmeters ............................................ 68 Symbol Key: ........................................................................................................................... 68 General Discussion: ............................................................................................................... 68 Notes: .................................................................................................................................... 69 Note: ..................................................................................................................................... 69 Pre-lab: None ....................................................................................................................... 69 Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................... 70 Real Analog Chapter 1: Lab Worksheets ............................................................................... 71 1.2.1: Power Supplies, Voltmeters, Ammeters (25 points total) .............................................. 71 Real Analog Chapter 1: Lab Projects ..................................................................................... 73 1.2.2: Dependent Sources and MOSFETs.................................................................................. 73 Overview: .............................................................................................................................. 73 Symbol Key: ........................................................................................................................... 73 General Discussion: ............................................................................................................... 73 Pre-lab: None ....................................................................................................................... 74 Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................... 74 Appendix A: Waveform Generator to Apply Constant Voltages .............................................. 76 Important notes relative to the Enabled/Disabled button: .................................................. 77 Real Analog Chapter 1: Lab Worksheets ............................................................................... 78 COothpeyrr ipghrot dDuigctil eanntd, Icnocm. 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Page 3 of 688 Real Analog: Chapters 1-12 1.2.2: Dependent Sources and MOSFETs (55 points total) ....................................................... 78 Real Analog Chapter 1: Lab Projects ..................................................................................... 79 1.3.1: Resistors and Ohms Law – Resistance Variations ........................................................... 79 Symbol Key: ........................................................................................................................... 79 General Discussion: ............................................................................................................... 79 Important Note: .................................................................................................................... 79 Related information: ............................................................................................................. 80 Pre-lab: None ....................................................................................................................... 80 Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................... 80 Appendix A: Basic Statistics ...................................................................................................... 80 Mean value: .......................................................................................................................... 80 Median value: ....................................................................................................................... 80 Standard deviation: ............................................................................................................... 80 MATLAB syntax: .................................................................................................................... 81 Real Analog Chapter 1: Lab Worksheets ............................................................................... 82 1.3.1: Resistance Variations (20 points total) ........................................................................... 82 Real Analog Chapter 1: Lab Projects ..................................................................................... 83 1.3.2: Resistors and Ohms Law – Voltage-Current Characteristics .......................................... 83 Symbol Key: ........................................................................................................................... 83 General Discussion: ............................................................................................................... 83 Pre-lab: None ....................................................................................................................... 84 Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................... 84 Related information: ............................................................................................................. 85 Post-lab Exercises:................................................................................................................. 85 Appendix A: Linear Regression: ................................................................................................ 85 Least-squares curve fitting: ................................................................................................... 85 Using MATLAB for least squares curve fitting: ..................................................................... 86 Real Analog Chapter 1: Lab Worksheets ............................................................................... 88 COothpeyrr ipghrot dDuigctil eanntd, Icnocm. 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Page 4 of 688 Real Analog: Chapters 1-12 1.3.2: Resistance from Measured Current-voltage Data (25 points total) ............................... 88 Real Analog Chapter 1: Lab Projects ..................................................................................... 89 1.4.1: Dusk-to-Dawn Light ........................................................................................................ 89 Symbol Key: ........................................................................................................................... 89 General Discussion: ............................................................................................................... 89 Diodes and LEDs: ................................................................................................................... 90 Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs): ...................................................................................... 91 Photocell: .............................................................................................................................. 91 Pre-lab: .................................................................................................................................. 92 Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................... 92 Real Analog Chapter 1: Lab Worksheets ................................................................................... 93 1.4.1: Dusk-to-dawn Light (20 points total) .............................................................................. 93 Real Analog Chapter 1: Lab Projects ..................................................................................... 94 1.4.2: Resistive Network Power Dissipation ............................................................................. 94 Symbol Key: ........................................................................................................................... 94 General Discussion: ............................................................................................................... 94 Pre-lab: .................................................................................................................................. 95 Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................... 95 Real Analog Chapter 1: Lab Worksheets ............................................................................... 96 1.4.2: Resistive Network Power Dissipation (20 points total) .................................................. 96 Real Analog Chapter 1: Lab Projects ..................................................................................... 97 1.4.3: Input Resistance .............................................................................................................. 97 Symbol Key: ........................................................................................................................... 97 General Discussion: ............................................................................................................... 97 Pre-lab: .................................................................................................................................. 98 Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................... 98 Real Analog Chapter 1: Lab Worksheets ............................................................................... 99 COothpeyrr ipghrot dDuigctil eanntd, Icnocm. 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Page 5 of 688 Real Analog: Chapters 1-12 1.4.3: Circuit Input Resistance (25 points total) ....................................................................... 99 Real Analog Chapter 1: Lab Projects ................................................................................... 100 1.4.4: Temperature Measurement System............................................................................. 100 Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 100 General Discussion: ............................................................................................................. 100 Related Material: ................................................................................................................ 101 Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 102 Note on the design process: ............................................................................................... 102 Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 102 Post-Lab Exercises: .............................................................................................................. 103 1.4.4 Background Information: Resistive Temperature Sensors ....................................... 103 Resistive Temperature Detectors: ...................................................................................... 104 RTD Signal Conditioning: ..................................................................................................... 105 Thermistors: ........................................................................................................................ 105 Thermistor Signal Conditioning: ......................................................................................... 106 Issues associated with resistive temperature measurement: ............................................ 106 Real Analog Chapter 1: Lab Worksheets ............................................................................. 107 1.4.4: Temperature Measurement System (40 points total) .................................................. 107 Real Analog Chapter 1: Homework .................................................................................... 109 Chapter 2: Circuit Reduction .............................................................................................. 115 2 Introduction and Chapter Objectives .......................................................................... 115 After Completing this Chapter, You Should be Able to: ..................................................... 115 2.1 Series Circuit Elements and Voltage Division ............................................................... 115 2.1.1 Series Connections ................................................................................................ 116 2.1.2 Voltage Division .................................................................................................... 117 Example 2.1 ......................................................................................................................... 118 Section Summary: ............................................................................................................... 118 2.1 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 119 COothpeyrr ipghrot dDuigctil eanntd, Icnocm. 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Page 6 of 688 Real Analog: Chapters 1-12 2.2 Parallel Circuit Elements and Current Division ............................................................ 119 2.2.1 Current Division .................................................................................................... 120 Section Summary ................................................................................................................ 121 2.2 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 122 2.3 Circuit Reduction and Analysis ..................................................................................... 122 Example 2.2 ......................................................................................................................... 123 Example 2.3 ......................................................................................................................... 123 Example 2.4 ......................................................................................................................... 124 Example 2.5: Wheatstone Bridge ....................................................................................... 125 Section Summary ................................................................................................................ 126 2.3 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 126 2.4 Non-ideal Power Supplies ............................................................................................ 126 2.4.1 Non-ideal Voltage Sources .................................................................................... 126 Example 2.6 ......................................................................................................................... 127 Example 2.7: Charging a Battery ......................................................................................... 127 2.4.2 Non-ideal Current Sources .................................................................................... 128 Example 2.8 ......................................................................................................................... 129 Section Summary ................................................................................................................ 130 2.4 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 130 2.5 Practical Voltage and Current Measurement .............................................................. 130 2.5.1 Voltmeter and Ammeter Models .......................................................................... 131 2.5.2 Voltage Measurement .......................................................................................... 131 2.5.3 Current Measurement .......................................................................................... 132 Caution ................................................................................................................................ 132 Section Summary ................................................................................................................ 133 2.5 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 133 Real Analog Chapter 2: Lab Projects ................................................................................... 134 2.1.1: Temperature Measurement System............................................................................. 134 Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 134 General Discussion: ............................................................................................................. 134 COothpeyrr ipghrot dDuigctil eanntd, Icnocm. 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Page 7 of 688 Real Analog: Chapters 1-12 Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 135 Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 136 Real Analog Chapter 2: Lab Worksheets ............................................................................. 137 2.1.1: Temperature Measurement System (50 points total) .................................................. 137 Real Analog Chapter 2: Lab Projects ................................................................................... 138 2.3.1: Series and Parallel Resistances and Circuit Reduction ................................................. 138 Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 138 General Discussion: ............................................................................................................. 138 Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 139 Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 139 Real Analog Chapter 2: Lab Worksheets ............................................................................. 140 2.3.1: Series and Parallel Resistors and Equivalent Resistance (20 points total) ................... 140 Real Analog Chapter 2: Lab Projects ................................................................................... 141 2.3.2: Series and Parallel Resistances and Circuit Reduction ................................................. 141 Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 141 General Discussion: ............................................................................................................. 141 Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 142 Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 142 Note: ................................................................................................................................... 142 Real Analog Chapter 2: Lab Worksheets ............................................................................. 143 2.3.2: Series and Parallel Resistors and Equivalent Resistance (25 points total) ................... 143 Real Analog Chapter 2: Lab Projects ................................................................................... 144 2.4: Non-ideal Power Sources ................................................................................................. 144 Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 144 General Discussion: ............................................................................................................. 144 Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 145 COothpeyrr ipghrot dDuigctil eanntd, Icnocm. 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Page 8 of 688 Real Analog: Chapters 1-12 Hint – non-ideal voltage sources: ....................................................................................... 145 Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 145 Note: ................................................................................................................................... 146 Real Analog Chapter 2: Lab Worksheets ............................................................................. 147 2.4: Non-ideal Power Sources (20 points total) ...................................................................... 147 Real Analog Chapter 2: Lab Projects ................................................................................... 148 2.5: Practical Voltage and Current Measurement .................................................................. 148 Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 148 General Discussion: ............................................................................................................. 148 Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 149 Hint – non-ideal voltmeters: ............................................................................................... 149 Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 150 Note: ................................................................................................................................... 150 Real Analog Chapter 2: Lab Worksheets ............................................................................. 151 2.5: Practical Voltage and Current Measurement (25 points total) ....................................... 151 Real Analog Chapter 2: Homework .................................................................................... 152 Chapter 3: Nodal and Mesh Analysis .................................................................................. 155 3 Introduction and Chapter Objectives .......................................................................... 155 After Completing this Chapter, You Should be Able to: ..................................................... 155 3.1 Introduction and Terminology ..................................................................................... 155 Basic Idea ............................................................................................................................ 156 Basic Idea ............................................................................................................................ 156 Section Summary ................................................................................................................ 157 3.1 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 157 3.2 Nodal Analy sis ............................................................................................................. 158 Example 3.1 ......................................................................................................................... 161 Note .................................................................................................................................... 163 COothpeyrr ipghrot dDuigctil eanntd, Icnocm. 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Page 9 of 688 Real Analog: Chapters 1-12 3.2.1 Supernodes ........................................................................................................... 163 3.2.2 Alternate Approach: Constraint Equations ........................................................... 165 Example 3.2 ......................................................................................................................... 167 3.2.3 Dependent Sources ............................................................................................... 168 Example 3.3 ......................................................................................................................... 168 Example 3.4 ......................................................................................................................... 169 Section Summary ................................................................................................................ 170 3.2 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 170 3.3 Mesh Analysis ............................................................................................................... 170 Example 3.5 ......................................................................................................................... 173 3.3.1 Alternate Approach to Constraint Loops: Constraint Equations .......................... 174 3.3.2 Clarification: Constraint Loops .............................................................................. 175 Example 3.6: Version 1 ....................................................................................................... 176 Example 3.6: Version 2 ....................................................................................................... 177 Example 3.6: Version 3 ....................................................................................................... 177 3.3.3 Dependent Sources ............................................................................................... 178 Example 3.7 ......................................................................................................................... 178 Example 3.8 ......................................................................................................................... 179 Section Summary ................................................................................................................ 180 3.3 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 180 Real Analog Chapter 3: Lab Projects ................................................................................... 182 3.2.1: Nodal Analysis ............................................................................................................... 182 Symbol Key: ......................................................................................................................... 182 General Discussion: ............................................................................................................. 182 Pre-lab: ................................................................................................................................ 183 Lab Procedures: .................................................................................................................. 183 Real Analog Chapter 3: Lab Worksheets ............................................................................. 184 3.2.1: Nodal Analysis (25 points total) .................................................................................... 184 Real Analog Chapter 3: Lab Projects ................................................................................... 185 COothpeyrr ipghrot dDuigctil eanntd, Icnocm. 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Basic Circuit Parameters and Sign Conventions . Real Analog Chapter 1: Lab Worksheets 1.2.2: Dependent Sources and MOSFETs (55 points total) . Real Analog Chapter 2: Homework . 9.3.1: State Variable Model of Series RLC Circuits (50 points total) .
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Basic Circuit Parameters and Sign Conventions . Real Analog Chapter 1: Lab Worksheets 1.2.2: Dependent Sources and MOSFETs (55 points total) . Real Analog Chapter 2: Homework . 9.3.1: State Variable Model of Series RLC Circuits (50 points total) .

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