Reactions of Amines

72 Pages·2009·2.7 MB·English

by  Craig Jasperse

Chem 360 Jasperse Ch. 19 Notes. Amines 1

Reactions of Amines

1. Reaction as a proton base (Section 19-5 and 19-6)

H H-X(proton acid) H
R N R N H X
H
amine NaOH H
ammonium salt
base
(acidic)

• Mechanism: Required (protonation)
• Reverse Mechanism: Required (deprotonation)
• Amines are completely converted to ammonium salts by acids
• Ammonium salts are completely neutralized back to amines by bases
• Patterns in base strength: Reflect stabilization/destabilization factors for both the
amine and the ammonium
o N lone pair: sp3 > sp2 > p
o For sp3 nitrogens, 3º > 2º > 1º

2. Reaction with Ketones or Aldehydes (Section 18-16,17 and 19-10)

O ZNH2, H+ OH H+, -H2O NZ
R' R R' NHZ R' R
aldehyde H2O, H+, -ZNH2 R H2O, H+
tetrahedral imine
or ketone
"aminol"
Notes:
• “Z” can be a carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, or hydrogen atom/group.
• The “aminol” can’t be isolated, it’s only present at equilibrium.
• Equilibrium factors apply. Water drives to the carbonyl side; removal of water
drives to the imine side.
• Mechanism: Learned for last test (not tested this time)
• Must have at least 2 H’s on nitrogen  2º, 3º amines can’t do this
Chem 360 Jasperse Ch. 19 Notes. Amines 2

1. Alkylation of 1º Alkyl Halides (Section 19-12, 19-21A)

H
H
R Br
R N R N X
H R
H
ammonium salt

 3a. Polyalkylation is routine.
o With excess alkyl halide and base, keep on alkylating until it becomes the
quaternary ammonium salt (no surviving H’s on nitrogen, examples below) .
 Mechanism required for polylalkylations. The mechanism involves repetitive
sequential S 2 alkylation-deprotonations.
N

3 CH -Br
3 CH
3
Ph NH2 Ph N Br
NaHCO H C CH
3 3 3
2 CH CH -Br
3 2
NH N Br
NaHCO
3
PhCH -Br
Et N 2 Et N CH Ph Br
3 3 2

 3b. Monosubstitution is possible when excess ammonia (or other cheap amines) is
used.
• Mechanism for monosubstitution required. This involves simple S 2,
N
followed by deprotonation by the excess amine.

excess NH
3
Br NH2

2. Acylation with Acid Chlorides to From Amides: (Section 19-13, 20-15)
O
O
base required
R1 N H Cl R R1 (either excess amine,
N R
or NaOH or NaHCO ,
R 3
2 R2 or NEt3 or pyridine...)

• Mechanism: Required (addition-elimination-deprotonation)
• Amine must have at least one hydrogen to begin. But 1º, 2º, or NH all react well.
3
• But 3º amines can’t work.
• Some base is required for the deprotonation step and to absorb the HCl. For cheap
amines, excess amine can simply be used. Alternatively, amines with no H’s
(triethylamine, pyridine) can be used. Or else NaOH or NaHCO can be used.
3
Chem 360 Jasperse Ch. 19 Notes. Amines 3

4b. Acylation with Carboxylic Acids to From Amides: (Section 20-12)

O
O
R1 N H HO R R1
N R
R2 heat R2

• Mechanism: Not Required
• Fairly high temperatures often required, and yields aren’t as good as with acid
chlorides
• Biologically amine + acid → amide is routine, and is facilitated by complex enzyme
mechanisms

3. Substitution for Aromatic Amines via the Diazonium Salts (“The Sandmeyer Reaction”)
(Section 19-17, 18)

ArCN
CuCN
CuBr ArBr
NaNO , HCl
2 CuCl
ArNH2 ArN2 Cl ArCl
diazonium
salt
H O, H+, heat
2
ArOH
H PO
3 2
ArH

• Mechanism: Not Required
• Qualitatively, can think of this as a nucleophilic substitution: a nucleophile replaces
N , a premier leaving group. The actual mechanism is probably radical, however.
2
• Application in synthesis: The amine (an o/p director) is often derived from a nitro (a
meta director). Using the nitro group to direct meta, then reducing and converting the
nitrogen into CN, Br, Cl, OH, or H, provides products we haven’t been able to make
before.
Chem 360 Jasperse Ch. 19 Notes. Amines 4

Synthesis of Amines
6. From Aldehydes or Ketones: Reductive Amination (Section 19-19)
O + R2 NaBH3CN R2 N R3 R2 N R3
N via
R R1 H R3 cat. H+ R R R R
Ketone or H 1 1
aldehyde
• Access: 1º, 2º, or 3º Amines
• Mechanism: Not required. (Basic workup)
• The carbonyl reactant can be an aldehyde or a ketone
• The amine reactant must have at least one hydrogen, as shown above; but R
2
and/or R can be either a carbon or a hydrogen. Thus:
3
o NH  1º RNH
3 2
o 1º RNH  2º R NH
2 2
o 2º R NH 3º R N
2 3
3º R N don’t react
o 3
O H NaBH CN H H H H
+ 3 N N
N via
R R1 H H cat. H+
R R R R
Ketone or H 1 1
ammonia
aldehyde 1º amine
O + R2 NaBH3CN R2 N H R2 N H
N via
R R1 H H cat. H+
R R R R
Ketone or 1º amine H 1 1
aldehyde 2º amine
O + R2 NaBH3CN R2 N R3 R2 N R3
N via
R R1 H R3 cat. H+ R R R R
Ketone or H 1 1
2º amine
aldehyde 3º amine

7. Via Amides: (Section 19-20)
O
R N R1 LiAlH4 R N R1
R2 R2

• No mechanism required for the reduction
• Access: 1º, 2º, or 3º Amines.
• R and R can be either H or C. Thus, you can produce either 1º, 2º, or 3º amines
1 2
in this way:
RCONH  1º RCH NH
o 2 2 2
RCONHR 2º RCH NHR
o 2
RCONR  3º RCH NR
o 2 2 2
Chem 360 Jasperse Ch. 19 Notes. Amines 5
8. From Amines via Amides: (Section 19-20)
O
O + H N R1 acylation R N R1 LiAlH4 R N R1
R Cl R2 R2 R2
O
O + H N R1 acylation R N R1 LiAlH4 R N R1
R OH R2 heat R2 R2
• Access: 1º, 2º, or 3º Amines
• Acylation mechanism required (see reaction 4) but reduction mechanism not
required.

9. Reduction of nitro compounds: (section 19-21C)

NO NH
2 2
Fe, HCl

• Access: 1º Amines only (especially aromatic amines)
• No mechanism required.
• There are many other recipes for reduction of nitro compounds:
o Pd/H , Ni/H , Pt/H ,
2 2 2
o Fe/HCl, Zn/HCl, Sn/HCl

10. From 1º Alkyl Halides: Alkylation of Ammonia (Section 19-12, 19-21A) (See reaction 3).

excess NH
3
R Br R NH2

• Access: 1º Amines only
• Mechanism required. (see reaction 3b)
• No change in number of carbons.
• Excess NH prevents polysubstitution.
3

11. From Nitriles: Reduction of Nitriles (Section 19-21B)
LiAlH
4
R C N R NH2

• Access: 1º amines
• Mechanism not required.

12. From Alkyl Halides: Via the Nitrile (Section 19-21B)
1. KCN R
R Br R CN NH
2
2. LiAlH
4
• Access: 1º Amines only
• Mechanism not required.
• One-Carbon chain extension!
Chem 360 Jasperse Ch. 19 Notes. Amines 6

Summary of Amine Syntheses

Route Reaction Source/ Reagent Available Comments
Number Precursor Amines

1 #6 Aldehydes + 1º, 2º, or 3º
R NH, H
2
or Ketones Amines

NaBH CN,
3

2 #7, #8 Amides LiAlH 1º, 2º, or 3º
4
Amines

3 #7, #8 Amines 1. RCOCl 1º ArNH
2
(via Amide) (or RCO H, heat)
2
2. LiAlH
4

4 #7, #8 Acid Chlorides 1. RNH2
or Acids
2. LiAlH
4
(via Amide)

5 #9 ArNO Fe/HCl 1º ArNH
2 2

6 #10 1º RCH Br NH (excess) 1º only, Original
2 3
with CH carbon
2
chain is not
next to
extended
nitrogen

7 #12 1º RCH Br 1. KCN or NaCN 1º only, Original
2
2. LiAlH with CH carbon
(via nitrile) 4 2
chain is
next to
extended
nitrogen
by one
carbon

8 #11 RCH2CN LiAlH4 1º only,
with CH
2
next to
nitrogen
Chem 360 Jasperse Ch. 19 Notes. Amines 7

Mechanisms
1. Protonation

H Cl
NH2 NH3 Cl

1.-Reverse. Deprotonation

H OH
N NH
H 2
H

3. Polyalkylation

Ex:
3 Br
Ph NH2 Ph N Et Br
NaOH Et Et

Mech:
Br H
Ph NH Ph N OH
2 Ph NHEt
Et H Deprotonate
S 2
N
S 2
N
Br
Et Br OH H
Ph N Ph NEt Ph N
Et Et SN2 2 Deprotonate Et Et

3b. Monoalkylation

NH
3 OH
Br NH3 NH
S 2 Deprotonate 2
N
Chem 360 Jasperse Ch. 19 Notes. Amines 8

4. Acylation

Ex:
O
O
Cl
NH
2 N
NaOH H

Mech: 3 steps: Addition-Elimination-Deprotonation

O
O O O
Cl Elim Deprotonate
NH N N N
2
Add H H Cl H H OH H
Chem 360 Jasperse Ch. 19 Notes. Amines 9

Chapter 19 Amines
A. Miscellaneous
19.1 Intro, Terms

Amines versus Amides
O
N amine N amide H N H ammonia
H

1º, 2º, 3º classification: based on how many of the three nitrogen attachments are carbons:

R N H R N H R N R
H R R
1º Amine
2º Amine 3º Amine

Note: 1º, 2º, 3º has a different sense than with alcohols.
1. In an alcohol, it’s based on how many carbon groups are attached to the hydroxy-bearing
carbon.
 The alcohol oxygen always has one carbon group.
2. But in amines, it’s how many carbon groups are attached to the nitrogen itself.
 Because the nitrogen could have 0, 1, 2, or 3 carbon groups attached.

OH OH OH
NH NH NMe
2 2
*
* *

Amines versus Ammoniums: Neutral versus protonated/cationic
H
H N H ammonia H N H ammonium
H
H
H+ H R
N amine N ammonium R N R quaternary
-H+ ammonium
R
Chem 360 Jasperse Ch. 19 Notes. Amines 10
19.2 Formal Amine Nomenclature: X-alkanamine, N-alkyl-X-alkanamine, etc.
1. For core name, choose longest C-chain to which nitrogen is attached, and call it X-
alkanamine
• Number from end nearer N
• Be sure to specify with a number which carbon has the nitrogen
• The nitrogen does **not** count as a number itself.
2. Substituents on the nitrogen (rather than on carbon) are designated as “N-alkyl”
• The position of substituents on a carbon are always designated by the carbon’s number
• this is the first time we’ve had a substituent on something other than carbon, so it’s
location is designated by “N-“ rather than by a number
3. NH as a Substituent: “Amino”
2

Draw the structure or provide the name for the following.

1. N-methyl-3-phenyl-2-octanamine

2. Z-3-penten-1-amine

3. 3-hexanamine

NHCH
3
4. H CH3

NH O
2
5.

Common Naming (for simple amines): Alkylamine, dialkylamine, trialkylamine….

Three Common Amine Names to Memorize (Review from Aromatics Chapter)
Aniline
Pyridine Pyrrole
NH
2 N NH

Some Other Famous Common Amine Names (No memory requirement)
Name Structure Name Structure
Pyrrolidine Pyridine
NH

N
H
Purine Pyrimidine RNA, DNA, ATP, and ADP
N N N are made from derivatives of
N
N N Purine and Pyrimidine
H