Table Of ContentMarquete University
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LEUVEN ENCOUNTERS IN SYSTEMATIC THEOLOGY X
Conference Theme: The Letter and the Spirit: On the Forgotten Documents of
Vatican II
Plenary Session I, 27 October 2015, on the question,
“Is Divine Revelation Compatible with Human Freedom? Dei verbum in Light of
Dignitatis humanae and Vice Versa”
Reply, ©Thomas Hughson, S.J:
“Intertextual Reception: Rethinking Revelation in Light of Divine
Immanence and the Dignity of the Person and Cosmos”
Intertextual reception of Dei verbum and Dignitatis humanae has a prospective, speculative
rather than a retrospective, historical-theological orientation. That is, I take for granted and
begin from historical-theological contributions such as the five-volume History of Vatican II
edited by Giuseppe Alberigo and Joseph Komonchak and John W. O’Malley’s What Happened
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at Vatican II. In the final essay in volume 5 of the History of Vatican II and in the Conclusion
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Giuseppe Alberigo, gen. ed., Joseph Komonchak, English version ed., The History of Vatican
II, Vol. 1–5 (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1995–2006). See Christophe Theobald, “The Church
Under the Word of God,” History of Vatican II, gen. ed. Giuseppe Alberigo, English ed., Joseph
A. Komonchak, Volume V: The Council and the Transition, The Fourth Period and the End of
the Council September 1965–December 1965 (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis, 2006), 275–372 and John
W. O’Malley What Happened at Vatican II (Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard
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to O’Malley’s book, Alberigo and O’Malley respectively cast their gaze toward the future and
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continued reception of the momentous council. In adopting that direction of thought a
temporary primacy falls to synchronic rather than diachronic interpretation of a few conciliar
texts. The inquiry to follow, for example, addresses how the conjunction of Dei verbum and
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Dignitatis humanae opens a theme for further theological reflection and reception. A
directional trope specifies the theme. The inquiry seeks a concept of revelation as ascending
from below no less than descending from above. The aim is not to polarize two logics, from
above and from below, but to balance the predominance of the descending preconception
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associated with the act, content, and medium of revelation. But first I’d like to discuss the
broader and prior question of compatibility between divine revelation with human freedom.
University Press, 2008). For pneumatological analysis see Thomas Hughson, S.J., “Interpreting
Vatican II: ‘A New Pentecost’,” Theological Studies 69, 1 (2008): 3–37.
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Giuseppe Alberigo, “Transition to a New Age,” in the History of Vatican II, Volume V, 574–
644.
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O’Malley, 310, advised intertextual reception and theological reflection on latent,
comprehensive unity among the documents.
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Gerald O’Collins, Rethinking Fundamental Theology: Toward a New Fundamental Theology
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011) sets forth a theology of (Special) revelation mediated
by human experience. His proposal is tantamount to an ascending theology of Special revelation
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I. The Horizon of the Compatibility Question Omits Something
The provenance of the question about compatibility is the still influential heritage of the
seventeenth and eighteenth century Enlightnments. The original horizon was centered in an
outlook in the French, German, English, Scottish, South and North American Enlightenments.
Though not possessed of a uniform outlook and agenda there were family resemblances on
reason and freedom, granting the contextuality of both. The fate of this heritage has been
troubled by history and contested in thought. Nonetheless in the 1960’s Karl Jaspers once stated
that, “I myself cannot but hold with Kant that if revelation were a reality it would be calamitous
for man’s created freedom.” And yet Jaspers’ relativizes his principle by accepting cultural,
philosophical, and political pluralism. He goes on to say that, “I want no thinking that would
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ultimately bar revelation.” But revelation and freedom are in a problematic relationship insofar
as human freedom puts revelation on trial by not assuming their compatibility despite
emancipation from legal structures of religious coercion in liberal democracies.
Intertextual reception of Dei verbum and Dignitatis humanae opens discussion on at
least two factors related to the question of compatibility. First, explicit respect in Dignitatis
humanae for critical reason as the preparation for liberty in religious matters helps interpret Dei
verbum on freedom in receiving revelation. Dignitatis humanae represented what might be
that simultaneously respects the descending ‘from above’ aspect of grace in persons and in divine
initiatives in history. His theology does not, however, deal with divine immanence in nature and
the cosmos.
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Karl Jaspers, E. B. Ashton, trans., Philosophical Faith and Revelation (London: Collins, 1967),
10.
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called a renewed Catholic epistemology and analyis of faith that approves the human duty to
seek and find valid judgments about God and religion. Dignitatis humanae by endorsing the
human and civil right to religious liberty taught that freedom in the search for the truth in
religion deserves protection. Dignitatis humanae committed the church to uphold the process of
searching for truth in matters of religion and not only to the church’s mission to transmit the
gospel. Together Dei verbum and Dignitatis humanae create space for seekers as well as
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dwellers, to borrow categories from Charles Taylor.
Second, the horizon of the question about compatibility omits something about freedom.
The omission concerns not freedom of choice but the fulfillment of freedom in love. Neither
document addresses this theme but both in association with the event and all documents of
Vatican II can be understood to presuppose it. Bernard Lonergan’s philosophy of freedom offers
an excellent account of love as the fulfillment of freedom. Freedom comes to its highest
fulfillment not in value judgments by which a person or society brings about moral self-
transcendence and self-governance. Love exceeds moral self-transcendence and it involves more
than immunity from coercion.
Raymond Moloney remarks that Lonergan’s view of freedom poses an alternative to “a
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narrow notion of freedom as simply emancipation rather than as loving the good.” Immunity
from coercion is a negative freedom with a heritage of emancipation, but positive freedom is
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See Christoph Theobald, “The Theological Options of Vatican II: Seeking an ‘Internal’
Principle of Interpretation” in Alberto Melloni and Christoph Theobald, eds., Vatican II: The
Forgotten Future, Concilium 2005/4 (London: SCM Press, 2005).
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Moloney, 809.
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love for the good. The good, notes Lonergan, always is concrete, as definite as people with
proper names and as functional as the good of order whose interlaced structures of cooperation
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enable people in a society to meet their needs by obtaining their particular goods. For
Lonergan, though, appreciation for a significant value, when definite and pervasive, is called
falling in love and the consequent condition is being-in-love as an ontological modification of
the subject. Being-in-love is living in the pervading light of major appreciations and judgments
of value.
He describes being-in-love as a dynamic state with an habitual vision of things from the
perspective of appreciated goods. For Lonergan, being-in-love becomes an ontological condition
of the subject. The love might be for the truth, spouse and family, tribe, society, nation, nature,
science, art, friends, neighbors, co-workers, a hockey team, etc. It can be love for the good, for
God, gospel, eternal life, and for neighbors. Freedom as love was omitted from the horizon of
the question about whether or not divine revelation is compatible with human freedom. If the
question about compatibility were revised in that frame of reference the question would be, is
divine revelation compatible with human love?
Dei verbum adopted, not without conflict, a personalist concept of revelation as divine
self-manifestation that displaced the propositional, command and obey model in the First
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Bernard Lonergan, Method in Theology (New York: Seabury Press, 1979; originally
Herder and Herder, 1972). He develops the centrality of love especially but not only
in chapter 4 on the human good.
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Lonergan, Method, 27.
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Vatican Council’s document on revelation and faith, Dei filius. Dei verbum’s personalist
perspective on did not and because of their parallel genesis during the council could not end up
explicitly in Dignitatis humanae. Still, the dynamic of love surfaces in paragraph 2, section 11 of
Dignitstis humanae. There the document describes Christ refusing to impose his truth by force
since his rule, “extends its dominion by the love whereby Christ, lifted up on the cross, draws all
men [sic] to Himself.” To conclude, receiving Dignitatis humanae intertextually with Dei
verbum broadens and deepens negative freedom as immunity from coercion by linking it to love
for the good, above all divine revelation in Christ. Reception of divine revelation in faith
involves love for the good. Belief in Christ, most clearly in the Gospel According to John, has
the dynamic of love, the fulfilling of freedom. Revelation, then, is a manifestation of divine love
compatible with the peak of human freedom which is human love for and commitment to the
good.
II. Rethinking Revelation in Light of Divine Immanence, Human Dignity, and the Dignity
of the Cosmos
To rethink and re-imagine revelation in Dei verbum in light of divine immanence
involves attention to nature and the cosmos not only historical salvation. Such attention was not
to the fore in Dei verbum. Its originality lay elsewhere. The document’s principal contribution
to the reform undertaken by the council was twofold. For one thing, it adopted a personalist
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See Theobald, “The Church Under the Word of God” in History of Vatican II, Alberigo,.
Komonchak, eds., Volume V.
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concept of revelation as divine self-manifestation that displaced Vatican I’s propositional model
relayed to Vatican II in the Preparatory Theological Commission’s text, “De Fontibus
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Revelationis.” Revelation as divine self-manifestation expands the idea of revelation to a
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comprehensive model not limited to but including propositions.
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See detailed study of “De Fontibus Revelationibus” by Karim Schelkens, Catholic Theology of
Revelation on the Eve of Vatican II: A Redaction History of the Schema De Fontibus
Revelationis (1962–1965) (Leiden: Brill, 2010).
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Retrieval of revelation as verbal message does not necessarily mean re-assertion of Vatican I.
Interest in a propositional model of revelation that upholds Scripture but avoids fundamentalism
has a place in currant Protestant theology of revelation. See, besides Gunton’s A Brief Theology
of Revelation and Reason and Revelation, Finnish Pentecostal theologian Veli-Matti Kärkäinen,
Trinity and Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2014), chapter 1. For a
propositional model in philosophical theology, see Richard Swinburne, “Revelation” in Kelly
James Clark, ed., Our Knowledge of God: Essays on Natural and Philosophical Theology
(Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1992), 115–130 and Stephen Davis, “Revelation and
Inspiration,” in The Oxford Handbook of Philosophical Theology (Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 2009), 30–53.
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The second major contribution of Dei verbum was to elevate the normative role of
Scripture in the life, teaching, ministry, and theology of the church. The Scriptures are written
and so filled with revelatory propositions, from Jhwh’s self-declaration to Moses, “I am who I
am,” to Peter’s confession at Caesarea Philippi that Jesus is the Anointed one from God.
Tension between the Scriptures replete with propositions and a non-propositional, personalist
model of revelation eases once propositions are understood as existential assertions rather than
only as official doctrinal formulae. The self-manifesting, personalist concept of revelation
includes words not only deeds. It also means that creation as General revelation no less than
Special revelation in salvation history is divine self-manifestation.
The First and Second Vatican Councils affirm General revelation under the heading of natural
theology. In Dei filius Vatican I had upheld that God as “the source and end of all things, can be
known with certainty from the things that were created, through the natural light of human
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reason.” Karl Barth reproached this teaching as wrong and harmful to faith. Lonergan to the
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contrary developed a natural theology based on the intelligibility of the universe. Nonetheless
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The First Vatican General Council, Dogmatic Constitution, Dei Filius, on the Catholic Faith,
J. Neuner, S.J. and J. Dupuis, S.J., Seventh Revised and Enlarged edition, Jacques Dupuis, ed.,
The Christian Faith in the Doctrinal Documents of the Catholic Church (New York: Alba
House, 2001), n. 113.
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Lonergan, Insight, 680–699, and Bernard Lonergan, “ Natural Knowledge of God,” in A
Second Collection, William F. J. Ryan, S.J. and Bernard J. Tyrell, S.J., eds., originally presented
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Lonergan distinguished potential for this knowledge from its historical actuality in any or all
people’s lives. He did not deny it was possible for fallen humanity. He qualified the potential by
stating that, “I do not think that in this life people arrive at natural knowledge of God without
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grace, but what I do not doubt is that the knowledge they so attain is natural.”
At Vatican II Dei verbum re-iterated Vatican I on natural knowledge of God. Section 3
begins with the proposition that “God, who through the Word creates all things (see John 1:3)
and keeps them in existence, gives men [sic] an enduring witness to Himself [sic] in created
realities (see Rom. 1:19-20).” Then Section 6, paragraph 2 explicitly appropriates Vatican I.
Avers paragraph 2, “As a sacred synod has affirmed, God, the beginning and end of all things,
can be known with certainty from created reality by the light of human reason (see Rom.
1:20)....” Dei verbum thereby re-situates natural theology within the framework not of a
propositional but of the personalist concept of revelation as divine self-manifestation. Creation
too is divine self-manifestation that Catholic tradition, witness both Vatican I in Dei filius and
Vatican II in Dei verbum, has seen as harmonious with Special revelation from Abraham, Moses,
the prophets, wisdom literature, to and centrally, Jesus. Special revelation does not nullify
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General revelation or render it negligible.
at the 1968 Catholic Theological Society of America convention (Philadelphia: Westminster
Press, 1974), 117–133.
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Bernard J. F. Lonergan, “Natural Knowledge of God,” in A Second Collection, William F.J.
Ryan, S.J. and Bernard J. Tyrrell, S. J., eds. (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1974), 133.
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For an account of the prototypical cosmic covenant between God and humanity, see Robert
Murray, The Cosmic Covenant: Biblical Themes of Justice, Peace, and the Integrity of Creation
