Table Of ContentRare Earth Elements in Ultramafic
and Mafic Rocks and their Minerals
Minor and Accessory Minerals
MaR
This book presents an extensive overview of literature published globally in inna F.P. Lesnov
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these minerals is discussed as well as the possibilities of using data on REE
distribution as typomorphic signs of determining the crystallization conditions
of minerals. The numerous analyses of REE presented in this book can be La
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used as reference data. Finally, there is an additional chapter on a new Ce La
problem: the study of geochemical relations between REE and platinum Tb
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group elements. Ho
As an overview of modern data on the geochemistry of REE in minor and Nd Nd Gd
accessory minerals from rocks of mafic-ultramafic complexes and as a Ho
reference book, this work will be of interest to a wide range of specialists
studying petrology and geochemistry of products of ultramafic and mafic Yb
magmatism, including ore mineralization, as well as for graduate and Ce Er
undergraduate university students in geology departments. Eu
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Felix P. Lesnov is Senior Research Fellow, Laboratory of Geo- Pr
dynamics and Magmatism, V. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Tm
Mineralogy, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lu
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Member of Russian Academy of Natural Sciences. He specializes
in research on mafic-ultramafic magmatism of folded regions Gd
(geology, petrology, petrochemistry, mineralogy, geochemistry, metallogeny),
and he has (co-)authored more than 290 papers and nine monographs. Lesnov
an informa business
Rare Earth Elements in Ultramafic
and Mafic Rocks and their Minerals
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TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk
Rare Earth Elements in
Ultramafic and Mafic Rocks
and their Minerals
Minor and accessory minerals
F.P. Lesnov
Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Novosibirsk, Russia
Scientific editor
G.N. Anoshin
Member of Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, Russia
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Dedicated to my wife, Emma, of blessed memory
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Contents
Preface ix
1 Garnets 1
1.1 Brief survey of modern studies into the geochemistry
of rare earth elements in garnets 2
1.2 General regularity of REE distribution in garnets
of the most common of their parageneses 7
1.3 On the nature of sinusoidal chondrite-normalized
REE patterns of garnets 60
1.4 Coefficients of REE distribution between garnets and
coexisting melts 64
1.5 Coefficients of REE distribution between garnets and
coexisting clinopyroxenes and other minerals 71
1.6 Some crystal-chemical aspects of the REE isomorphism
in garnets 85
2 Chrome-spinels 89
3 Ilmenites 101
3.1 REE composition of ilmenites 101
3.2 Coefficients of REE distribution between ilmenite and
coexisting phases 122
4 Zircons 127
4.1 Key regularities of REE distribution in zircons from
some types of magmatic and metamorphic rocks 128
4.2 Coefficients of REE distribution between zircons
and coexisting phases 166
4.3 On the isomorphism of REE in zircons and
conditions of their crystallization 170
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viii Contents
5 Apatites 173
5.1 The REE composition of apatites 173
5.2 The coefficients of REE distribution between apatite and
melts as well as coexisting perovskites 185
5.3 On isomorphism of REE in apatites 188
6 Titanites 191
7 Perovskites 197
8 Micas 207
9 Some general regularities of REE distribution in the minor
and accessory minerals of ultramafic, mafic and some other rocks 217
10 Geochemical relationship between REE and PGE in mafic
and ultramafic rocks and their petrogenetic significance 223
10.1 Mafic-ultramafic massifs in Tuva (Russia) 224
10.2 Naransky massif (West Mongolia) 244
10.3 Kokpektinsky massif (South Urals, Kazakhstan) 249
10.4 Ultramafic xenoliths in alkaline basalts from Eifel and
Vogelsberg provinces (Germany) 254
10.5 Luobusa massif (Southern Tibet, China) 259
10.6 Iti and Kallidromon massifs (Greece) 259
10.7 Komatiite-basalt complex of North-West Vietnam 259
10.8 Komatiite-basalt complexes of Gorgona Island (Colombia),
Alexo (Ontario, Canada), Onverwacht, Barberton,
Perseverance (Africa) and Kambalda (West Australia) provinces 265
10.9 Bushveld massif (South Africa) 265
10.10 Muskox massif (Canada) 267
10.11 Galmoenan massif (Koryak highland, Russia) 270
Conclusion 281
References 283
Subject index 301
Author index 309
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Preface
When discussing different, empirically established, regularities, it is important
to comprehend the degree of their completeness but to avoid categorical
judgment.
Yu.N. Avsyuk
In the first book of the monograph “Rare Earth Elements in Ultramafic and Mafic
rocks and their minerals. Main types of rocks. Rock-forming minerals” [Lesnov,
2010] we summarized the available data on the geochemistry of Rare Earth Ele-
ments (REE) in the main types of ultramafic and mafic rocks as well as in their
rock-forming minerals. This book summarizes analytical data accumulated in the
world literature and other materials about the regularities of the REE distribution
in minerals contained in ultramafic and mafic rocks as accessory phases. These
minerals are tentatively divided into two groups. The first includes garnets, zir-
cons, apatites and perovskites, which can accumulate increased amounts of REE
in their structure. The second consists of minerals whose structure can accumulate
only limited contents of these trace elements. These are chrome-spinels, ilmenites,
and micas. These minerals, in respect of REE geochemistry, are studied to a varying
degree because of the different levels of accumulations of these elements, different
degrees of occurrence in rocks, tiny sizes of their grains and other reasons. The
overwhelming majority of presently available data on REE geochemistry in acces-
sory minerals from ultramafic and mafic rocks have only been published in the last
15 years. The studies became possible due to the development and introduction of
new highly sensible microprobe analyses allowing the detection of REE and many
other trace elements in mineral grains in thin sections. The greatest number of these
analyses were performed for garnets and zircons, fewer for apatites, and the fewest
for chrome-spinels, ilmenites, micas, and perovskites. In general, the regularities
of REE distribution in these minerals from ultramafic and mafic rocks are less
studied compared to the rock-forming minerals from ultramafic and mafic rocks.
Among the analytical methods, which were used to study the REE composition of
accessory minerals, the most efficient was the mass-spectrometry with inductively
coupled plasma (ICP-MS). In addition to the materials on the geochemistry of REE
in accessory and minor minerals from ultramafic, mafic and some other types of
magmatic rocks, in a separate chapter of this book we generalize scarce data on
the geochemical bonds between the REE and Platinum Group Elements (PGE) in
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