Rapra Collection of Infrared Spectra of Rubbers, Plastics and Thermoplastic Elastomers

441 Pages·2007·100.34 MB·441\441

by  Forrest, Martin, Davies, Yvonne, Davies, Jason

The Rapra Collection of Infrared
Spectra of Rubbers, Plastics and
Thermoplastic Elastomers
Third Edition
By Martin Forrest, Yvonne Davies and Jason Davies
rapra
TECHNOLOGY
Rapra Technology
Shawbury, Shrewsbury, Shropshire, SY4 4NR. United Kingdom
Telephone: [phone] Fax: [phone]
http:/hww.rapra.net
First Edition Published in 1992 by Rapra Technology Limited
Second Edition Published in 1997 by Rapra Technology Limited
Third Edition, 02007, Rapra Technology
Rapra Technology
Shawbury, Shrewsbury, Shropshire, SY4 4NR. UK
All rights reserved. Except as permitted under current legislation no part
of this publication may be photocopied, reproduced or distributed in any
form or by any means or stored in a database or retrieval system, without
the prior permission from the copyright holder.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Every effort has been made to ensure that the data presented in this book are true
and accurate at the time of going to press. It is published in good faith, but the
publisher cannot accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that
may have been made. No liability is accepted by Rapra Technology for any
consequences arising out of or in connection with any utilisation in any form of
any material contained herein.
ISBN: 978-1-84735-023-7
ISBN: 978-1- 84735424-4
Typeset and printed by Rapra Technology
Cover printed by Livesey Limited, Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK
Introduction
Welcome to the 3rd Edition of the Rapra Collection of Infrared Spectra. For this new edition, the
collection has been completely revised, and enlarged by the addition of around 200 new spectra.
A number of improvements in the layout and design of the book have been made. Some of these,
such as a simpler classification system, clearer headings for the spectra, and the insertion of material
indexes at the end of each section have been made to make the library quicker and easier to use.
It is also the case that, whereas the previous two editions were comprised of four separate libraries
covering the transmission and pyrolysate spectra of both rubber and plastic materials, another major
improvement for this edition has been the incorporation of an additional, comprehensive library
produced using a single bounce attenuated total reflection (ATR) accessory. This is an important
development, as since the publication of the second edition of this book in 1997, this type of ATR
technique has acquired a high degree of popularity due to its many attributes, including speed and
ease of use, the need for only small amounts of sample, and its virtually non-destructive nature.
Recording and Presentation of the Spectra
Spectra have been collected and stored at a resolution of 4 cm-l and are plotted as percentage
transmittance against wavenumber. For the transmission and pyrolysate spectra, the wavenumber
range shown is 400 to 4000 cm-', whereas for the single bounce, diamond window ATR spectra the
range is 650 to 4000 cm-l. All of the spectra display the traditional change in the wavenumber scale
at 2000 cm-l. Up to 2000 cm-', each minor division (denoted by a broken line) on the wavenumber
axis is equal to 50 cm-', but from 2000 to 4000 cm-l each minor division is equal to 100 cm-'.
With respect to the layout of the spectra in the book, within each section they are listed in
alphabetical order according to material type, which is displayed in the main heading (in bold)
above each spectrum. There are some deviations from a strict adherence to this rule. For example,
acrylonitrile-butadiener ubber is referred by most people in the polymer industry as nitrile rubber
and so it has been positioned accordingly. Such deviations are covered by cross-referencing entries
in the indexes at the end of the respective sections as well as in the overall index at the end of the
book. Where samples consist of a blend of polymers, the proportions of the polymers in the blend
has also been shown in this main heading. In cases where there are three polymers in a blend, the
values displayed do not always add up to 100 (e.g., 50:40:30).In these instances, the proportions
present in the material are designed to achieve a particular set of properties in a final product, i.e.,
they are not analytical standards.
Each spectrum also has a secondary heading, where as much additional information as possible
has been provided. This information includes things such as the tradename of the material, its
manufacturer, compositional information (e.g., sulfur cured), and the method of preparing the
sample (e.g., film cast from chloroform) for the recording of the spectrum. Unfortunately, because
the samples for this book have originated from a wide range of sources, certain pieces of additional
information, such as the tradename and manufacturer, have not always been available.
With respect to the recording of the spectra, the experimental approach that was used to produce
each of the three types of spectra that are presented in this book is summarised below.
Transmission Spectra
Two different approaches were used to record transmission spectra:
a) A thin film was produced by hot pressing the sample at a suitable temperature. If the sample was
a plastic, or thermoplastic rubber, a temperature greater than the glass transition temperature of
the material was used. In the case of semi-crystalline plastics, a temperature above the melting
point of the material was used. The spectra were then recorded directly through the film.
...
111
Rapra Technology
b) A part of the sample was dissolved in a suitable solvent (e.g., chloroform) and a thin film produced
on a potassium bromide infrared plate by placing some of the solution onto it and removing
the solvent in an oven. The dried plate with the cast film on its surface was then placed into
the spectrometer to record the spectrum.
In both cases, care was taken to ensure that the sample did not undergo any chemical change due
to heat degradation.
Pyrolysate Spectra
In those cases where the sample was in a crosslinked state (e.g., cured rubbers, cured adhesives and
thermoset compounds), it was not possible to use either of the transmission approaches described
above and so the Rapra pyrolysate method was employed. A brief description of this method is
given next.
In the case of compounded materials (e.g., most rubbers), an initial 16 hour Soxhlet extraction was
performed on a thin film generated by a laboratory handmill using an appropriate solvent (e.g.,
acetone) to remove any low molecular weight compounds (e.g., plasticisers, process aids, cure
system residues and antidegradants) from the sample. Failure to remove such low molecular weight
species adversely affects the quality of the resulting infrared spectrum as they contribute to it. The
extracted portion of the sample was then pyrolysed over a Bunsen burner in a modified ignition
tube and an infrared spectrum recorded from a film of the collected pyrolysis condensates that had
been placed on a potassium bromide plate. The solvent used to extract each sample is given at the
end of the secondary heading. For example, AEP = acetone extracted pyrolysate; other abbreviations
are given on page v.
Where the material was judged to be sufficiently pure (e.g., base rubber polymers or uncompounded
plastics), pyrolysate infrared spectra could be recorded without the need for the initial extraction
step. These instances are described in their respective secondary headings as pyrolysate as received
(PAR).
Single Bounce ATR Spectra
Throughout the three editions of this book, Nicolet infrared spectrometers have been used to record
the spectra. The spectra for this part of the library were recorded using a 'Golden Gate' single bounce
ATR accessory fitted to a Nicolet Avatar 360 FTlR instrument. In each case, the recording surface of
a small piece of each sample was wiped clean to ensure that it was not contaminated before being
pressed against the diamond window of the accessory.
Company Names and Tradenames
As mentioned previously, for a large number of the materials it has been possible to provide information
on their origin tradename and manufacturer. However, for a number of reasons information of this
sort can date very quickly and it will be apparent that the names of some of the manufacturers are
no longer current.
Martin Forrest
Yvonne Davies
Jason Davies
Rapra Technology, Shawbury, UK
February 2007
iv
Contents
...
Introduction. ..................................................................................................................... III
Abbreviations ................................................................................................................... v
1 Rubber Transmission Spectra .................................................................................... 1
Part 1 .M aterials Index ................................................................................................... 49
2 Rubber Pyrolysate Spectra ...................................................................................... 51
Part 2 .M aterials Index ............................................................ .. 161
.................................................................................
3 Plastics Transmission Spectra 165
Part 3 .M aterials Index 23 1
.....................................................................................
4 Plastics Pyrolysate Spectra 233
Part 4 .M aterials Index .................................................................................................. 307
5 Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR) Spectra .......................................................... 311
Part 5 .M aterials Index .................................................................................................. 399
......................................................................................................
6 Materials Index 403
...................................................................................................
7 Tradename Index 411
i
1 Rubber Transmission
spectra
Part 1 - Rubber Transmission Spectra
RTO1.01 Butyl Rubber
Tradename: BUTYL 307. POLYSAR BUTYL IIR. FILM CAST FROM
CH L 0R O FO R M
100
98
96
94
92
90
88
Q W
v e 4
.-
82
$2 80
78
76
74
72
70
68
66
64
62
4000 3500 3000 2500 2ooo 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600
Wavenumbers (m')
-
RT02.01 Brominated Butyl Rubber Chloroform in Spectrum
Tradename: BROMOBUTYL X2. POLYSAR BROMINATED BUTYL. FILM CAST
FROM CHLOROFORM
95
90
85
80
?j 75
70
E
2= 6 5
&? 60
55
50
45
40
35
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600
Wavenumberr (cm-')
1
-
RT03.01 Chlorinated Butyl Rubber Chloroform in Spectrum
Tradename: CHLOROBUTYL 1066. EXXON CHEM CHLORINATED BUTYL.
NLM CAST FROM CHLOROFORM
95
90
85
80
75
70
8 65
e
.- 60
$
55
p
50
8 45
40
35
30
25
20
I5
10
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 I800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600
Wovenumbers (cm ‘)
RT04.01 Chlorinated Polyethylene
Tradename: KELRINAL VP7 7. DSM
95
90
a5
80
75
70
al 65
60
t”
55
$
50
2
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
4000 3500 3000 2500 2OOO 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600
Wovenumbers Icm-’)
2
Part 1 - Rubber Transmission Spectra
RT04.02 Chlorinated Polyethylene
Tradename: KELRINAL VP16. DSM
100
95
90
85
80
75
'
70
65
2 55
s50
8 4 5
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
4000 3500 3000 2500 2@3l I800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600
Wovenumbers [n'1
RT05.01 Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene
Tradename: HYPALON 40. DUPONT
95
90
a5
80
75
70
8 65
.- 60
555
2
50
8 4 5
40
35
30
25
20
I5
10
4000 3500 3000 2500 Moo 1800 16W 1400 1200 1000 800 600
Wovenumberr [on1 )
3
Rapra Techtiology
RT05.02 Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene
Tradename: HYPALON 45. DUPONT
95
90
85
80
75
8 70
.g
65
E
2 4 0
P
I&- ? 55
50
45
40
35
30
25
4000 3500 3000 2500 2OOo 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600
Wavenumbers (cm-')
RT05.03 Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene
Tradename: HYPALON 45. DUPONT
95
90
85
80
75
70
m 65
.$ 60
55
2 50
2
45
&? 40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600
Wavenumbers (cm-I)
4