Rapid Neurology and Neurosurgery

204 Pages·2012·2.14 MB·English

by  Kumar Abhinav

Rapid
Neurology and
Neurosurgery

Rapid
Neurology and
Neurosurgery
Kumar Abhinav
BSc(Hons.),MBBS,MRCS(Eng)
SpecialtyRegistrar
DepartmentofNeurosurgery
FrenchayHospital
Bristol,UK
Richard Edwards
BSc(Hons.),MBBS,FRCS(Neuro.Surg),MD
ConsultantNeurosurgeon
&SeniorClinicalLecturer(UniversityofBristol)
DepartmentofNeurosurgery
FrenchayHospital
Bristol,UK
Alan Whone
MBChB,MRCP,PhD
SeniorLecturer(UniversityofBristol)&ConsultantNeurologist
DepartmentofNeurology
FrenchayHospital
Bristol,UK
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Abhinav,Kumar.
Rapidneurologyandneurosurgery/KumarAbhinav,RichardEdwards,AlanWhone.
p.;cm.– (Rapidseries)
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-470-65443-9(pbk.:alk.paper)
I. Edwards,Richard(RichardJohn) II. Whone,Alan. III. Title. IV. Series:Rapidseries.
[DNLM: 1. NervousSystemDiseases–Handbooks. 2. NeurosurgicalProcedures–Handbooks.
3. Trauma,NervousSystem–Handbooks. WL39]
616.80076–dc23
2012009836
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1 2012
Contents
ListofAbbreviations,vii
Preface,xi
Acknowledgements,xiii
PARTI Thebasics
1 Aboutthisbookandhowtouseit,3
2 Basicneuroanatomy,4
3 Neurologicalhistory,examination,signsandlocalisation,7
4 Neurologicalinvestigations,21
PARTII Complaints:Face-to-facewiththepatient
5 Headache,31
6 Blackouts,34
7 Visualdisturbances,36
8 Dizzinessandvertigo,39
9 Weaklegs,41
10 Numbnessandsensorydisturbance,44
11 Gaitassessmentanddisturbance,46
PARTIII Conditions:Applyingthebasics
12 Headache,51
13 Transientischaemicattacks(TIAs),55
14 StrokeI:Thromboembolicstrokeandsyndromes,59
15 StrokeII:Intracerebralhaemorrhage,65
16 StrokeIII:Subarachnoidhaemorrhage,68
17 Epilepsy,75
18 Multiplesclerosis,80
19 Parkinson’sdiseaseandotherrelatedsyndromes,84
20 Othermovementdisorders,88
21 Centralnervoussysteminfections:Meningitis,91
22 Centralnervoussysteminfections:Cerebralabscess,94
23 Radiculopathyanddischerniation,97
24 Peripheralneuropathies’syndromes,100
25 Commonperipheralnervelesions:Mononeuropathies,104
26 Motorneuronedisease(MND),108
27 MyastheniagravisandLambert–Eatonmyasthenicsyndrome,111
28 Diseasesofthemuscle,114
29 Alzheimer’sdiseaseandotherdementiasyndromes,118
30 Raisedintracranialpressureandherniationsyndromes,122
31 Comaandbrainstemdeath,127
vi Contents
32 Headinjury:Generalapproachandmanagement,130
33 Headinjury:Subduralhaematoma,skullfracturesandcontusions,135
34 Headinjury:Extraduralhaematoma,141
35 Spinalinjuriesandspinalcordsyndromes,144
36 CNSneoplasia,151
37 Hydrocephalus,155
Appendices
Appendix1 Managementofstatusepilepticus(SE),163
Appendix2 GlasgowComaScale(GCS),164
Appendix3 Primaryneuroepithelialtumoursofthecentralnervoussystem,166
Appendix4 Othertumoursaffectingthecentralnervoussystem,173
Index,181
List of Abbreviations
ABC Airwaysandbreathingandcirculation
AD Alzheimer’sdisease
ADEM Acutedisseminatedencephalomyelitis
ADHD Attentiondeficithyperactivitydisorder
AED Antiepilepticdrug
AF Atrialfibrillation
ALS Amyotrophiclateralsclerosis
APP Amyloidprecursorprotein
ASDH Acutesubduralhaematoma
AVMs Arteriovenousmalformations
BNF BritishNationalFormulary
BPV Benignpositionalvertigo
CAA Cerebralamyloidangiopathy
CADASIL Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical
infarctsandleukoencephalopathy
CBF Cerebralbloodflow
CES Caudaequinasyndrome
CIDP Chronicinflammatorydemyelinatingpolyneuropathy
CMAP Compoundmuscleactionpotential
CN Cranialnerve
CNS Centralnervoussystem
CPP Cerebralperfusionpressure
CSDH Chronicsubduralhaematoma
CT Computedtomography
CTA CTangiography
CTS Carpaltunnelsyndrome
CVR Cerebralvascularresistance
DAI Diffuseaxonalinjury
DBS Deepbrainstimulation
DIND Delayedischaemicneurologicaldeficit
DVLA DriverandVehicleLicensingAgency
DVT Deepvenousthrombosis
EEG Electroencephalogram
EMG Electromyography
EMQ Extendedmatchingquestions
ET Essentialtremor
ETV Endoscopicthirdventriculostomy
EVD Externalventriculardrain
FTD Frontotemporaldementia
viii ListofAbbreviations
FVC Forcedvitalcapacity
GCA Giantcellarteritis
GBM Glioblastomamultiforme
GBS Guillian–Barr(cid:1)esyndrome
GCS GlasgowComaScale
GTC Generalisedtonic–clonic
HACE Highaltitudecerebraloedema
ICH Intracerebralhaemorrhage
ICP Intracranialpressure
IIH Idiopathicintracranialhypertension
INO Internuclearopthalmoplegia
IVIG Intravenousimmunoglobulin
LACS Lacunarstroke
LEMS Lambert–Eatonmyasthenicsyndrome
LBD Lewybodydementia
LMN Lowermotorneurone
LOC Lossofconsciousness
LP Lumbarpuncture
LP Lumboperitoneal
MAP Meanarterialpressure
MCI Mildcognitiveimpairment
MCQ Multiplechoicequestions
MDT Multidisciplinaryteam
MG Myastheniagravis
MND Motorneuronedisease
MRA MRangiography
MRC MedicalResearchCouncil
MRI MagneticResonanceImaging
MS Multiplesclerosis
MUPs Motorunitpotentials
NAHI Non-accidentalheadinjury
NCS Nerveconductionstudies
NMJ Neuromuscularjunction
NPH Normalpressurehydrocephalus
OCSP OxfordCommunityStrokeProject
OSCE ObjectiveStructuredClinicalExaminations
PACS Partialanteriorcirculationstroke
PBP Progressivebulbarpalsy
PCC Prothrombincomplexconcentrate
PD Parkinson’sdisease
PE Pulmonaryembolism
PEG Percutaneousendoscopicgastrostomy